Interpreting data

Measurement by Liquid Level. The flow rate of Hquids flowing in open channels is often measured by the use of weirs (see Liquid-LEVEL measurement). The most common type is the rectangular weir shown in Figure 22e. The flow rate across such a weir varies approximately with the quantity. Other shapes of weirs are also employed. Standard civil engineering handbooks describe the precautions necessary for constmcting and interpreting data from weirs. 

W. G. Schwer, "Purification of Industrial Liquids with Granular Activated Carbon Techniques for Obtaining and Interpreting Data and Selecting the Type of Commercial System," Carbon Ahsoption Handbook, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1978. 

Only under this condition are the three adsorption channels independent of each other. This is the standard scenario always used in interpreting data. However, this is only one because if, on the other hand, the exchange between the two precursors is the fastest process on the surface we get... 

That the rates of many reactions are markedly dependent upon the acidity or alkalinity of the reaction medium has been known for many decades. In this section, the kinetic analysis of reactions in dilute aqueous solution in which pH is the accessible measure of acidity is presented in sufficient detail to allow the experimentalist to interpret data for most of the systems likely to be encountered and to extend the treatment to cases not covered here. This section is based on an earlier discussion.The problem has also been analyzed by Van der Houwen et al. "... 

The process engineer also develops tests and interprets data and information from the research pilot plant. He aids in scaling-up the research qpe flow cycle to one of commercial feasibility. 

Dimensional analysis techniques are especially useful for manufacturers that make families of products that vary in size and performance specifications. Often it is not economic to make full-scale prototypes of a final product (e.g., dams, bridges, communication antennas, etc.). Thus, the solution to many of these design problems is to create small scale physical models that can be tested in similar operational environments. The dimensional analysis terms combined with results of physical modeling form the basis for interpreting data and development of full-scale prototype devices or systems. Use of dimensional analysis in fluid mechanics is given in the following example. 

Conceptual knowledge that is used to interpret data... 

ESI-MS has emerged as a powerful technique for the characterization of biomolecules, and is the most versatile ionization technique in existence today. This highly sensitive and soft ionization technique allows mass spectrometric analysis of thermolabile, non-volatile, and polar compounds and produces intact ions from large and complex species in solution. In addition, it has the ability to introduce liquid samples to a mass detector with minimum manipulation. Volatile acids (such as formic acid and acetic acid) are often added to the mobile phase as well to protonate anthocyanins. A chromatogram with only the base peak for every mass spectrum provides more readily interpretable data because of fewer interference peaks. Cleaner mass spectra are achieved if anthocyanins are isolated from other phenolics by the use of C18 solid phase purification. - ... 

Thiel et al. (1983) and Scott et al. (1992) have proposed more quantitative approaches, based on mathematical modelling of instantaneous and/or continuous U gain and loss. These models are applicable to weathering and account for the position of the data in the forbidden zones of the ( " U/ U) and ( °Th/ U) diagram. Several studies used this approach to interpret data in soils and weathering profiles (e.g.,... 

Interpreting Data Using your graph, interpolate how much time would elapse before a temperature of 50°C would be reached. 

Interpreting Data From the graphed data, what is your predicted boiling point for water How many degrees different is this from the actual boiling point of water ... 

Interpreting Data Discuss the differences in the cooling curves for sand and water. Explain their significance. 

Collecting and Interpreting Data Compare the appearance of the drawn structure of aspirin with the model. 

Collecting and Interpreting Data Of the three metals, Pb, Cu, Zn, which is the most active ... 

Interpreting Data Write balanced chemical equations for each of the reactions performed. If no reaction was observed write No Reaction. Be sure to show the state for each reactant and product. 

Collecting and Interpreting Data Based on your observations, describe which substance was the limiting reactant at the end of step 5, step 6, and step 7. How were you able to determine this ... 

Collecting and Interpreting Data Rank the volumes of the bases used in order from the least amount used to the greatest amount. 

Collecting and Interpreting Data For each neutralization, give the ratio of volume of acid to volume of base. 

Interpreting Data What is the experimental evidence that indicates whether each reaction is exothermic or endothermic ... 

Collecting and Interpreting Data Account for the pH of the club soda before heating and then after heating. 

Interpreting Data In Part B, what could be done to quantify the results of each reaction ... 

Collecting and Interpreting Data Did a reaction occur in beaker 1 In beaker 2 ... 

Analyze and Conclude The Analyze and Conclude section shows you how to perform the calculations necessary for you to analyze your data and reach conclusions. It provides questions to aid you in interpreting data and observations in order to reach an experimental result. You are asked to form a scientific conclusion based on what you actually observed, not what should have happened. An opportunity to analyze possible errors in the activity is also given. 

For extrathoracic deposition of particles, the model uses measured airway diameters and experimental data, where deposition is related to particle size and airflow parameters, and scales deposition for women and children from adult male data. Similar to the extrathoracic region, experimental data served as the basis for lung (bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli) aerosol transport and deposition. A theoretical model of gas transport and particle deposition was used to interpret data and to predict deposition for compartments and subpopulations other than adult males. Table 3-4 provides reference respiratory values for the general Caucasian population during various intensities of physical exertion. 

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