Data interpretation, efficiency

Single-molecule detection in confocal spectroscopy is characterized by an excellent signal-to-noise ratio, but the detection efficiency is in general very low because the excitation volume is very small with respect to the whole sample volume, and most molecules do not pass through the excitation volume. Moreover, the same molecule may re-enter this volume several times, which complicates data interpretation. Better detection efficiencies can be obtained by using microcapillaries and micro structures to force the molecules to enter the excitation volume. A nice example of the application of single-molecule detection with confocal microscopy is... 

One of the functions of Global Core Technologies R D is the analytical discipline Reactive Chemicals/ Thermal Analysis/Physical Properties (RC/TA/PP). Some of the capabilities of this discipline are testing and data interpretation for reactive chemicals hazard assessment. It is the responsibility of the owner of any chemical process to use this Dow resource to obtain the information which is necessary to design a safe and efficient operation. Information about the analytical RC Testing discipline including contact names can be obtained on the INTRAnet at Reactive Chemicals/Thermal Analysis/Physical Properties web site. 

Completing field documentation (Step 5), such as the Chain-of-Custody (COC) Form, field logs, and sampling forms, is a separate and distinctive step in the sampling process. Field documentation establishes the basis for informed data interpretation and efficient and accurate report preparation. The COC form is usually the only written means of communications with the analytical laboratory. It also serves a legal function by documenting the chain of individuals, who were responsible for sample integrity. 

Field records document field measurements and field conditions at the time of sampling. These are permanent project records that are stored with the rest of the project files in a central location after the project is completed. A chemist, a geologist, or an engineer often reviews the field records to order to interpret the collected data in context of field conditions during sampling. Accurate and relevant field records allow efficient resolution of issues related to field and laboratory data interpretation and quality, whereas sketchy and inaccurate records raise more questions than they answer. 

Localized quasi-linear inversion increases the accuracy and efficiency of wave-field data interpretation because it is based on a much more accurate forward modeling solution than the Born approximation, used in the original Bleistein method. An example of successful application of the localized QL approximation in radar-diffraction tomography can be found in (Zhou and Liu, 2000). 

Currently available HX-MS software provides users with various options to visualize HX results (reviewed in Section 3.3.5). Some common options include deuterium uptake kinetic curves, heat maps [56], and butterfly plots [59]. The latter two present information such as the protein conformational dynamics and the differential deuterium uptake comparisons of full-length proteins in a single graph, making data interpretation more efficient. Anotha- informative way to interpret the HX results is to map the changes of deuterium uptake onto a known X-ray stracture of the antigen [41]. 

On the other hand, the method of flow birefringence, of course, allows one to study how the hydrodynamic field influences the formation of the new phase particles. Besidata interpretation using this method. The effect of flow birefringence in a system with colloidal particles, measured by the method traditional for polymers, has several components as in the case of macromolecules the proper anisotropy of particles, the effects of macro- and microforms (Tsvetkov et al., 1964), and conservative dichro-ism, i.e. the light scattering efficiency factor K of oriented anisodiametric, anisotropic particles differs in different observation planes (Onuki and Doi, 1986 Khlebtsov, 1988ab Khlebtsov and Melnikov, 1990). 

The laser-based optical and chemical imager (LOCI) is a unique instrument that combines accurate isotope ratio analyses obtained both by laser desorption Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and by LIBS without any sample preparation (Scott and Mcjunkin 2009). A single photon ionization (SPI) process is implemented allowing near 100% ionization efficiency for elements and compounds with ionization energies less than 10.5 eV. The FTICR-MS and LIBS isotope capability coupled with LOCI s wide mass range, mapping capability, high resolution, and automated data collection as well as data interpretation offers an alternative to the labor-intensive bulk analysis of traditional methods. 

Comparing the mass spectra of the interaction experiments with those acquired from control experiments reveals differences that can be related to the structure of the interaction complex. Depending on the reaction, intact proteins, proteolytic peptides or both are simultaneously analyzed by MS and, optionally, MS/MS. If the sample is too complex for direct analysis, a broad range of additional means of separation are available, e.g., electrophoresis, LC, or affinity capture, which can all be efficiently combined with ESI or MALDI MS (Sects. 4.7 and 4.8). A major challenge for all three techniques described below is the data interpretation. This concerns less the identity of the resulting products than the molecular puzzle they create. Relating the observed differences between sample and control experiments to the structure of the interaction complex can be difficult, and great care is recommended before the data in hand are considered evidence for the existence of a certain structural element. 

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