Interpretation of the experimental data

Substantial contributions to the interpretation of the experimental data for solid electrodes have been made by Leilas et al.m m and by Valette and Hamelin.67 Both approaches are based on the same model the... 

The interpretation of the experimental data obtained by researchers in the field is much to be desired. There is great tendency to invoke the great escape-route termed steric hindrance whenever results are acquired that do not quite fit any theory, and there is a great reluctance to admit that there are many data that do not fit the present theories. Furthermore, the shortage of accurate and appropriate data for most sensory work must cast doubt on some of the conclusions reached. There are very few quantitative data available from which to refine the arguments and hypotheses. 

This version of the thermodynamic equation of state for elasticity is most useful for interpretation of the experimental data discussed below. By measuring the force as a function of temperature at constant pressure and elongation a, one may readily derive (dE/dL)T,v from Eq. (22) and dS/dL)T,v from Eq. (20). 

This interpretation of the experimental data is supported by the differences observed in the deactivation patterns and carbon contents after test, since one notorious effect of Hjp is the capacity to diminish the deactivation caused by coke deposition on the active sites [21,22]. This is supposed to be due to a reaction with the coke precursors, very likely a hydrogenolysis. In pure silica-aluminas, where no source of spillover is present, no special protection against deactivation should be observed. Indeed, the silica-aluminas lose most of their activity (about 80%) before reaching the steady-state and present the highest carbon contents after catalytic test. On the other hand, in the case of the mechanical mixtures, where spillover hydrogen is continuously produced by the CoMo/Si02 phase and can migrate to the silica-alumina surface, the predicted protection effect is noticed. The relative losses of activity are much lower... 

Parameter estimation. Integral reactor behavior was used for the interpretation of the experimental data, using N2O conversion levels up to 70%. The temperature dependency of the rate parameters was expressed in the Arrhenius form. The apparent rate parameters have been estimated by nonlinear least-squares methods, minimizing the sum of squares of the residual N2O conversion. Transport limitations could be neglected. 

The above-described theory, which has been extended for the transfer of protons from an oxonium ion to the electrode (see page 353) and some more complicated reactions was applied in only a limited number of cases to interpretation of the experimental data nonetheless, it still represents a basic contribution to the understanding of electrode reactions. More frequently, the empirical values n, k° and a (Eq. 5.2.24) are the final result of the investigation, and still more often only fcconv and cm (cf. Eq. 5.2.49) or the corresponding constant of the Tafel equation (5.2.32) and the reaction order of the electrode reaction with respect to the electroactive substance (Eq. 5.2.4) are determined. 

It was suggested in a previous publication (9) that flocculation at the UCFT can be ascribed to the free volume dissimilarity between the polymer stabilizing the particle and the low molecular weight dispersion medium. Incorporating this idea in a quantitative way into the theory of steric stabilization allowed for a qualitative interpretation of the experimental data. This idea is further extended to include the effect of pressure on the critical flocculation conditions. 

The difficulties encountered in the application of the above simple models of dipole-orientational relaxation to the interpretation of the experimental data necessitate the development of more complex models. In a realistic description of the relaxation process, two approaches may be taken one that makes allowance for the distribution of fluorophores in fluorescence lifetimes, and one that makes allowance for their distribution in initial energies of interaction with the environment. The latter approach is more promising, since it allows new experimental data on the excitation wavelength dependence of fluorescence spectra, as well as on the influence of relaxation on this dependence, to be obtained and analyzed. 

Early semiempirical calculations [87] supported the above interpretation of the experimental data for the biradical character of 22. Later, more sophisticated... 

Pulse-radiolysis experiments allow an examination of the first steps in the decay of radical-cations. Solutions of the radical-cation in the region of 10 M are generated. Bimolecular reactions between species at this level of concentration proceed relatively slowly and this simplifies interpretation of the experimental data. Particularly, electron transfer between radical-cations and radical species derived from them is not observed during the experiment. 

The possibility to calculate x( Li) and /j( Li) parameters for a given structure is an important aspect for the interpretation of the experimental data. A number of theoretical... 

The layer of soft-ice adjacent to an interface may be melted or disoriented by adding LiCl. By this means Blank 2) has shown that the value of E/ of a monolayer of octadecanol to the passage of CO2 could be reduced from about 300 sec. cm. for pure water to only about 30 sec. cm. for 8M LiCl solution. Under the latter conditions we believe that the soft-ice is apparently almost completely melted. A small amount of methanol in the water penetrates and somewhat disrupts the film of octadecanol, and Ri again drops from 300 sec. cm. to about 30 sec. cm. i, though with further increase in the methanol concentration the resistance increases again to about 500 sec. cm., presumably due to the methanol molecules held in or near the surface increasing the viscosity of the soft-ice layer. These interpretations of the experimental data are not those proposed by Blank, and further studies with a viscous-traction surface-viscometer (1) should certainly be carried out to test this soft-ice theory. 

The electronic structure parameters describing the P,T-odd interactions of electrons (sections 7, 8, and 10) and nucleons (section 9) including the interactions with their EDMs should be reliably calculated for interpretation of the experimental data. Moreover, ab initio calculations of some molecular properties are usually required even for the stage of preparation of the experimental setup. Thus, electronic structure calculations suppose a high level of accounting for both correlations and relativistic effects (see below). Modern methods of relativistic ab initio calculations (including very... 

The role of water with protein molecules, stated in (ii) above, can be illustrated by some dehydration-rehydration studies of lysozyme reviewed by Finney (1986). The interpretation of the experimental data leads to several conclusions. A certain amount of water is essential at key sites in the enzyme the water facilitates a flexibility that is critical for the enzyme function and finally, the water permits a proton redistribution as the polar and charged groups revert to the aqueous solution order. 

Of the experimental techniques employed for studying polyborate equilibria, potentiometry has received the greatest attention although incorrect interpretation of the experimental data often led to the postulation of conflicting species. However, vibrational spectroscopy has proved to be a most useful technqiue for identifying the various species in solution.117... 

Kwart and Kahn have found that benzenesulfonyl azide forms a complex with freshly reduced copper powder.189 190 This copper azide complex decomposes at a lower temperature than the pure sulfonyl azide. In refluxing methanol, benzene-sulfonamide (27) is isolated as the major product. In the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, N-benzenesulfonyldimethyl-sulfoximine (28) is obtained in almost quantitative yield. In cyclohexene solution benzenesulfonamide (29), N-benzenesul-fonyl-7-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (30), and 1-cyclohexenylben-zenesulfonamide (31) are isolated as the main reaction products. According to the authors, Schemes VII and VIII represent an acceptable interpretation of the experimental data.189 190 In pure alcohol, the decomposition should occur by two competitive reactions (Scheme VII) producing benzenesulfonamide together with a ketone and oxidized copper. These last two products have indeed been observed in the reaction mixture. In the presence of DMSO, it seems that a copper-nitrene intermediate is formed which is trapped by DMSO. In cyclohexene solution, the authors have observed that the aziridine (30) disappears from the product composition when DMSO is added. The yield of enamine 31, however, is... 

By use of the proper experimental conditions and Ltting the four models described above, it may be possible to arrive at a reasonable mechanistic interpretation of the experimental data. As an example, the crystal growth kinetics of theophylline monohydrate was studied by Rodriguez-Hornedo and Wu (1991). Their conclusion was that the crystal growth of theophylline monohydrate is controlled by a surface reaction mechanism rather than by solute diffusion in the bulk. Further, they found that the data was described by the screw-dislocation model and by the parabolic law, and they concluded that a defect-mediated growth mechanism occurred rather than a surface nucleation mechanism. 

Transient carbene (9) is expected to be a reaction intermediate in the transformation of butadiyne-linked triazene (8) to alkyne-linked bis-2//-indazolcs (10).18 Experimental data and DFT calculations support carbene (9) as an intermediate in this stepwise, non-synchronous coarctate reaction. Methoxy(methylthio)carbene (12) has been observed by UV photoelectron spectroscopy after gas-phase decomposition of oxadiazoline (11).19 The oxadiazoline (13) allows the generation of the acetoxy(methoxy)carbene (14) 20 -pjjg reaC jvj y 0f (he latter with isocyanates has been explored. Such reactions generally yield methyl (acetylamino)oxoacetates (15). DFT calculations permitted interpretation of the experimental data. 

Does an artist need a chemist Does a chemist need an artist Do they have anything in common Both artists and chemists make careful observations. Then a chemist forms a hypothesis tests the hypothesis using a control and a test subject, taking care to have only one variable and draws a conclusion based on test data results. The chemist then makes interpretations that may lead to new hypotheses and new controlled experiments. The artist makes interpretations also, but these usually come directly from observations. Artists may try many interpretations of observations until a satisfying work is created. The chemist needs the artist s creativity when making interpretations of the experimental data. The artist needs the chemist to test and formulate new and useful materials. The work of the artist and the work of the chemist are interdependent. They need each other. 

The mean residence times of the particles in various sub-spaces of the impinging stream device are determined by interpretation of the experimental data of 27 sets in total, and the conditions tested range as follows ... 

The interpretation of the experimental data is further complicated by the fact that there was a reproducible decrease of up to 30% of the 3H/14C ratio during conversion of 4 to 54. This means about 70% retention of 3H-9. No adequate explanation for this is yet available. 

This equation allows a straight linear interpretation of the experimental data. When the logarithm of the apparent rate constant is plotted versus the logarithm of the initial initiator concentration, the slope of the line gives the external order in the initiator. The equation is valid for polymerization in which a fast reversible aggregation of the active centers takes place. 

Ab initio quantum-chemical calculations were used in this study for the interpretation of the experimental data (EPR, IR, and optical). The main purpose of the calculations was to elucidate the question of how the geometric factors (spatial structure of the defect) and chemical ones (nature of the substituents) influence the spectral properties of the defects. At present time such calculations can be carried out on acceptable level for systems comparatively small in size. This makes it necessary to use molecular models for calculations of defects in solids. 

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