Data interpretation limit checking

In addition, the GPC trace, an example of which is shown in Fig. 42, reflects the composition signature of a given product and reflects the spectrum of molecular chains that are present. Analysis of the area, height, and location of each peak provides valuable quantitative information that is used as input to a CUSUM analysis. Numeric input data from the GPC is mapped into high, normal, and low, based on variance from established normal operating experience. Both the sensor and GPC interpretations are accomplished by individual numeric-symbolic interpreters using limit checking for each individual measurement. 

It may be useful just to describe observations. Other authors, including Petrov ), Voinov ) and Rame and Garoff ) considered the transition zone, theoretically and/or experimentally, proposed various models of the rest, investigations tend to be limited to the study of scaling laws of a limited range of validity. Experience has shown that, to explain a(u) data, the Blake and Cox approach usually give similar results, notwithstanding very different Interpretations. So, comparative checks are not always discriminative, and in this respect, much remains to be done. 

All reports should generally be checked independently by (ideally) two suitably qualified staff members. The laboratory should implement a policy regarding the provision of opinions and interpretation of data. The basis on which an opinion has been stated must be documented. An opinion or interpretation may include, but not be limited to, recommendations on how to use results, or information related to the pharmacology, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of a substance. This is particularly important for classes of compounds for which the client/authority may not be aware of the latest developments or recent knowledge in the field, as is often the case, for instance, for natural hormones such as boldenone and nandrolone in breeding animals, compounds newly discovered to be naturally occurring such as thiouracil, and marker residues that may be unreliable such as semicarbazide as a marker for nitrofurazone abuse. °... 

Spiked sample control charts are frequently used in cases where check samples of appropriate analyte concentrations are not easily prepared or obtained. The spiked sample control chart is superficially similar to the X-chart, but instead of using a check or reference standard, one of the unknown samples is analyzed and then spiked with a known amount of the analyte of interest. The percentage recovery is calculated and plotted on the control chart. The control chart lines on the spiked sample chart correspond to the mean recovery and the 95% and 99% limits calculated from the standard deviation of the recovery data. The resultant chart can be used and interpreted in the same way as the X-chart. 

Within the framework of system analysis as an instrument of systems engineering, empirical results are of value only as far as they permit prognoses on the expected behavior of systems for the future. The data on which a system analysis is based constitutes a sort of spot check from the basic totality of the data of all comparable actual or imaginable systems and is thus prone to random variations. I hus mathematical statistics play an eminent role in the evaluation of these data. It permits statements on confidence intervals for derived characteristics and of significance limits for dependencies. Both represent a measure of the degree of uncertainty of the interpretations derived from these data, and knowledge of them is indispensable if wrong conclusions are to be avoided. 

The major drawback of this technique lies, however, in the limited compatibility of hydrogenous and deuterated brother objects. This can still be checked by carefully measuring molecular weight whenever possible or detecting it on the scattering curve. The thermodynamic properties, such as 0-temperatures, are also slightly altered, and these have to be taken into account in interpreting the data. 

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