Data interpretation wetting

Equation (20) and the deviation of the index n from the uniform-bonding value of 2 have been used to interpret compressive strength data for wet and dry iron ore balls [55] and for fertilizer granules [56]. 

Keywords Surface Young s equation Contact angle Wetting Liquid-solid interaction Young s angle Contact angle measurement Data interpretation... 

Contact angle measurement is commonly used to characterize a surface and to study various wetting and de-wetting phenomena While the measurement is simple, the interpretation is not. This point has been noted by many surface investigators in the past, e.g.. Pease in 1945 [25], Morra et al. [26] in 1990, Kwok and Neumann [27] in 1999 and more recently by Marmur [28] as well as Strobel and Lyons [29]. Prior to data interpretation, one has to make sure that the measurement apparatus and procedures are impeccable. Over the years, many have voiced concerns over surface preparation and conditioning, measuranent procedure and technique, and data analysis [26,30-35]. It is therefore imperative for the community to have a set of common measurement protocol or guideline, so that inter laboratory data can be compared. Discrepancy in conclusion can be rationalized without concerns of experimental setups or procedures. 

We review Monte Carlo calculations of phase transitions and ordering behavior in lattice gas models of adsorbed layers on surfaces. The technical aspects of Monte Carlo methods are briefly summarized and results for a wide variety of models are described. Included are calculations of internal energies and order parameters for these models as a function of temperature and coverage along with adsorption isotherms and dynamic quantities such as self-diffusion constants. We also show results which are applicable to the interpretation of experimental data on physical systems such as H on Pd(lOO) and H on Fe(110). Other studies which are presented address fundamental theoretical questions about the nature of phase transitions in a two-dimensional geometry such as the existence of Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions or the nature of dynamic critical exponents. Lastly, we briefly mention multilayer adsorption and wetting phenomena and touch on the kinetics of domain growth at surfaces. 

Impact of North American Emissions on Wet Deposition to the Western Atlantic Ocean. Wet deposition has been collected by event during WATOX at two sites on Bermuda, one site near Lewes, Delaware, and on board ships. These wet-deposition samples have been analyzed for acidic species, metals, and organic compounds. This section discusses our interpretation of the marine precipitation-chemistry data and the results of our analyses as well as the influence of North American emissions on precipitation composition. 

A summary of reactor models used by various authors to interpret trickle-bed reactor data mainly from liquid-limiting petroleum hydrodesulfurization reactions (19-21) is given in Table I of reference (37). These models are based upon i) plug-flow of the liquid-phase, ii) the apparent rate of reaction is controlled by either internal diffusion or intrinsic kinetics, iii) the reactor operates isothermally, and iv) the intrinsic reaction rate is first-order with respect to the nonvolatile liquid-limiting reactant. Model 4 in this table accounts for both incomplete external and internal catalyst wetting by introduction of the effectiveness factor r)Tg developed especially for this situation (37 ). 

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