Internal reaction chamber

The T-STAR ebullated bed is shown schematically in Fig. 6. The figure demonstrates that a uniform catalyst distribution is maintained throughout the reaction chamber via the upward flow of the hydrogen, feed oil, and recycle oil. The internal recycle allows for increased conversion and assists in maintaining a uniform temperature throughout the reactor. Careful monitoring of the temperature in an ebullated bed... 

With the tests of percent hydrogen in air around 25% - 30%, reactions were observed which did not make the lid pop up. For instance, with percent hydrogen in air at 25% - 30% and the pressure at 150 torr, the chamber did not explode with enough force to pop up the lid there was only a quick flash in the chamber. Although an explosion did not occur to over-pressurize the vessel, an internal reaction did, the pressures of which are shown in Figure 5. This reaction, though contained and silent, is evidence that a reaction can occur in deeper vacuum, and in richer and leaner hydrogen concentrations than evidenced by observation of over-pressurization. 

In the Riser Simulator, an impeller rotating at very high speed on the top of the reaction chamber keeps the catalyst fluidized between two metal porous plates, inducing the internal circulation of the reacting mixture in an upward direction through the chamber. When the reactor is at the desired experimental conditions, the reactant is fed through an injection port, and immediately after the set reaction time is attained, products are evacuated and analyzed by gas chromatography. Of particular importance to the experiments performed was the ability to extend reaction... 

The complications just described can be minimized if there is greater selectivity in the ionization process, as is sometime possible when photoionization is used as the excitation mechanism. Because the ionization energy can be more precisely controlled, it is possible in selected cases to produce only the desired reactant-ion species, or at least to minimize production of other ions. As already noted in the earlier section on formation of excited ions, it is also possible to populate specific internal-energy states of some reactant ions by using a photoionization source. One of the earliest photoionization mass spectrometers used to study interaction of internally excited ions with neutrals was that constructed by Chupka et al.91 Such apparatuses typically incorporate a photon source (either a line or a continuum source) and an optical monochromator, which are coupled to the reaction chamber. Various types of mass analyzer, including sector type, time-of-flight (TOF), and quadrupole mass filters, have been used with these apparatuses. Chupka has described the basic instrumental configuration in some detail.854 Photoionization mass spectrometers employed to study interactions of excited ions with neutral species have also been constructed in several other laboratories.80,1144,142,143 The apparatus recently developed by LeBreton et al.80 is illustrated schematically in Fig. 7 and is typical of such instrumentation. 

M.A. Northrup, M.T. Ching, R.M. White, R.T. Watson. DNA amplification in a microfabricated reaction chamber. In Transducer 93, Seventh International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators, Yokohama, Japan, 2 (1995). 

The ICS system, e.g. a kit, provides a reaction system capable ofhandling a variety of reactions by using a reactor unit having a reaction chamber with internal diameters from about 1 pm up to about 1 mm, and more preferably 1-100 pm. In accordance with the internal dimensions, the reaction volumes range from about 1 nl up to about 10 pi [84],... 

The reaction chamber energy balance is written in terms of the total internal energy, U. In each reaction chamber, reactant with a given energy is added, reactant with a given energy leaves, and heat is added via the intermediate heat exchanger. Thus ... 

The catalysts required for chemical reactions are often added to the reaction chamber on ceramic carriers as they have a large internal surface area, a defined pore structure, and high... 

Figure 4.19 shows a schematic of the GSP process, including the nozzle, reaction chamber, the water wall, and the quench chamber. Figure 4.20 shows the structure of the water-cooling wall, which is a gastight membrane wall structure.41 In this gasification process, slag is trapped by the internal surface of the water-... 

The CVD reactor consists of a vitreous silica tube of about 20 cm in diameter (8") and a height of 30.5 cm (1 ft). The filament was made from tantalum wire with 0.5 mm diameter and attached to water-cooled copper electrodes. Heat treatment in a methane atmosphere produces a thin layer of tantalum carbide that protects the sample from contamination with metallic tantalum. A gas-leaking unit allows the introduction of various gases and their mixtures into the reaction chamber under controlled pressure. Before introducing or changing the gas the unit s internal pressure was reduced by a mechanical pump to about 0.1 Pa. 

Biotrace International (Bridgend, UK) and was mounted so that the light measurements could be made directly from the reaction chamber. As a developmental iteration the National Instruments control hardware was substituted for electronic control components integrated into a light tight box together with the fluidic block. A compact controlling computer was built in order to make the device portable. 

In the past, 25 ° C was the commonly used temperature for enzyme assays this temperature has the disadvantage of requiring cooling of the reaction chamber or cuvets and of course slower enzyme reaction rates as compared to 30° C or 3 7 ° C. A number of professional societies (e.g., International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards... 

Northrup MA, Ching MT, White RM, Watson RT (1993) DNA amplification in a micro-fabricated reaction chamber. In Proceedings seventh international conference on solid state sensors and actuators. Transducers 93, Yokohama, Japan, 7-10 June 1993, pp 924... 

RB) running buffer, (B) unused buffer reservoir, (Ag ) Ferrocene labeled antigen, (Ag) antigen, (Ab) antibody, (RC) reaction chamber, (IS) internal standard, (WE) screen-printed working electrode. 

In the study of hlling modihcation, a torque rheometer is a common piece of small test equipment. Because it is equipped with a corresponding internal mixer chamber, the material shows an opposite reaction on rotors in the process of mixing. The opposite reaction is measured by a force transducer and converted into torque value, and the torque value reflects... 

In the first attempt, the full water quench directly downstream of the reaction chamber was designed as an internally wetted dip tube leading the raw gas through a water bath. Because the stability of the water film on the inner surface of the tube was disturbed due to temperature, pressure, or throughput fluctuations, slag deposition and corrosion occurred frequently (Franke, P. (2011) Shift... 

Shanmugasundaram B, Gluckman BJ (2011) Micro-reaction chamber electrodes for neural stimulation and recording. In Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,EMBC, 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE, pp 656-659, DOI 10.1109/IEMBS.2011. 

The implementation of high-pressure reaction cells in conjunction with UFIV surface science techniques allowed the first tme in situ postmortem studies of a heterogeneous catalytic reaction. These cells penult exposure of a sample to ambient pressures without any significant contamination of the UFIV enviromnent. The first such cell was internal to the main vacuum chamber and consisted of a metal bellows attached to a reactor cup [34]- The cup could be translated using a hydraulic piston to envelop the sample, sealing it from... 

Acke DRJ, Orru RVA, Stevens CV (2006) Continuous synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles via a multicomponent reaction under microreactor conditions. QSAR Comb Sci 25 474-483 Antes J, Tuercke T, Marioth E, Lechner F, Scholz M, Schntirer F, Krause HH, Lobbecke S (2001) In Matlosz M, Ehrfeld W, Baselt JP (eds) IMRET 5 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Microreaction Technology. Springer Berlin New York Heidelberg, pp 446 153 Barrow D, Cefai J, Taylor S (1999) Shrinking to fit. Chem Ind 15 591-594 Bradley D (1999) Chemical Reduction. Eur Chem 1 17-20 Chambers RD, Spink RCH (1999) Microreactors for Elemental Flourine. Chem Comm 10 883-884... 

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