Total internal energy

A theoretical upper limit of initial fragment velocity can be calculated if it is assumed that the total internal energy E of the vessel contents is translated into... 

The iiitemil energy and entlialpy in Eqs. (4.5.2) uid (4.5.3), as well as in tlie other equations in tliis discussion, may be on a mass or a mole basis, or tliey may represent the total internal energy and entlialpy of tlie entire system. Most industrial facilities operate in a steady-state flow mode. If no significant mechanical or shaft work is added or withdrawn from tlie system, Eq. (4.5.3) reduces to... 

In a combustion cyclinder, the total internal energy change produced from the burning of a fuel is —2573 k J. 

Chemical potential, p, is another name for total internal energy. Convenient units for it are energy per mole. In terms of the work done on (PdV), and the entropy (S) of a gaseous or liquid substance, it may be written in differential form (Callen, 1960) ... 

As before, dH is interpreted as the increase in total internal energy of the thermodynamic system, 0 = kT and /, must represent actual forces acting on the real system. Equation (26) is then seen to be the exact analogue of the basic equation (1) of chemical thermodynamics [118]... 

In the Einstein model, all the independent oscillators have the same angular frequency, coe, and the average total internal energy is... 

Chemists define the total internal energy of a substance at a constant pressure as its enthalpy, H. Chemists do not work with the absolute enthalpy of the reactants and products in a physical or chemical process. Instead, they study the enthalpy change, AH, that accompanies a process. That is, they study the relative enthalpy of the reactants and products in a system. This is like saying that the distance between your home and your school is 2 km. You do not usually talk about the absolute position of your home and school in terms of their latitude, longitude, and elevation. You talk about their relative position, in relation to each other. 

The energy increment that is passed on has been called the enthalpy excess, but might better be called the thermal or internal energy excess, for the products at the iso-choric adiabatic explosion temperature have, by definition, exactly the same total internal energy as the original undetonated explosive... 

The parameter determined from simulations that can be most readily compared to an experimentally observable quantity is the heat of sorption. The mean total internal energy determined by the simulations, (V), can be equated to the isosteric heat of adsorption, Qst, in the limit of low occupancy, as follows ... 

Egnai final total internal energy of explosion... 

The thermal internal energy function calculated at 298.15 K [E — 0] is also listed in Table 8.1. The translational and rotational contributions are found using Eqs. 8.80 and 8.82, respectively. The vibrational contributions (Eq. 8.84) are much less, as expected. Mode 2 makes a significant contribution to the total internal energy at this temperature. Vibrational modes 5 and 6 also make smaller, but nonnegligible, contributions. The electronic contribution was calculated directly from Eq. 8.76. Through application of Eq. 8.118, the total enthalpy is [H — Ho] - 11146.71 J/mole. 

A chemical equilibrium system may generally consist of p distinct homogeneous sub-regions ( phases ) in coexistence. For such a composite equilibrium system, the total internal energy is additive in each subregion ... 

The last two terms in U can be used as a reference energy—the total internal energy of a system of composition XB that is divided into pure A and pure B portions. The change in internal energy due to mixing and ordering relative to this reference state is... 

Einstein would have disagreed he would calculate the total internal energy from where m is the mass of the system. He would agree, though, that, in practice, we can only measure energy changes in chemistry. 

According to the conservation of energy law, also known as the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be neither created nor destroyed. Thus, the total energy of an isolated system is constant. The total internal energy (E) of a system—the sum of all kinetic and potential energies for each particle in the system— is a state function because its value depends only on the present condition of the system, not on how that condition was reached. 

The total internal energy change that takes place during a reaction is the sum of the heat transferred (q) and the work done (—PAV). The equation... 

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