Neural stimulator

Neuleptil Neuphor Neupramir Neural nets Neural stimulators Neuraminidase... 

Calcium is the trigger behind the muscle contraction process (24,25). Neural stimulation activates the release of stored Ca(Il) resulting in a dramatic increase in free calcium ion levels. The subsequent binding of Ca(Il) resulting in a dramatic increase in free calcium ion levels. The subsequent binding of Ca(Il) to the muscle protein troponin C provides the impetus for a conformational change in the troponin complex and sets off successive events resulting in muscle contraction. 

It is noteworthy that some therapeutic applications, such as transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation, involve application to the skin of electric pulses of up to hundreds of volts [5], However, a safety limitation is the major concern associated with the use of electroporation, even though several reports indicated that the damage to the skin was mild and reversible [16,23]. The only skin alteration seen with electroporation was slight erythema that decreased within a few hours [34]. Patients submitted to electrochemotherapy seemed to tolerate well the application of 10,000 V/cm for 100 p,s square-wave pulses [35]. However, to avoid pain during electroporation, milder conditions such as lower voltage, shorter pulses, or improved electrode design could be used [36]. 

Robblee LS, Rose TL (1990) Electrochemical Guidelines for Selection of Protocols and Electrode Materials for Neural Stimulation. In Agnew WF and McCreery DB. (eds) Neural Prostheses. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, p 25... 

Glucose sensitive neurons are present in the hypothalamus. They depend on glucokinase and act in many ways similar to beta cells [51]. They influence both insulin secretion and glucose uptake, and there appear to be neural connections between all glucose sensing cells [15]. The output may be part of the hepato-portal system, but also conditioned reflexes may participate in the neural stimulation of insulin release and glucose uptake [52]. In this sense the CNS also participates in predictive control. 

Figure 7.33. Proposed mechanism for excitation-thermogenic coupling in the ocular heater organ of swordfish. Neural stimulation mediated through the T tubule voltage sensor (the dihydropyridine [DHP] receptor) may lead to opening of the Ca2+ release channel. Large amounts of Ca2+ pass from the SR into the sarcoplasm. Ca2+ entering the mitochondria may stimulate ATP synthesis. Much of the ATP produced is used by the SR Ca2+ ATPase (calsequestrin) to pump Ca2+ back into the SR. This cycling of Ca2+ between the SR and sarcoplasm represents a futile cycle. See text for additional details. (Modified after Block, 1991.)...

Neural NE and plasma E are both stimulators of adipocyte lipolysis, an effect that is mediated by )8,- and 63-adrenergic receptors and involves cAMP-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). There are regional differences in 3-adrenergic receptor density (visceral fat has more than subcutaneous fat), which determines that catecholamine is physiologically important. Note that receptors are low-affinity receptors that require high concentrations of catecholamines. They respond better to neural stimulation because of the higher local concentration of NE at the fat tissue site. 

Sara, V. R., Uvnas-Moberg, K., Uvnas, B., Hall, K., Wetterberg, L., Posloncec, B., and Goiny, M., The distribution of somatomedins in the nervous system of the cat and their release following neural stimulation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 115, 467-470 (1982). 

Optional Day 74-83 Humulin-R lOiu 2xd with creatine monohydrate lOg BCAA lOg Maximum Neural Stimulation Phase... 

Neural stimulators are battery-powered electrodes useful for several treatments—pain, some mental disorders, and accelerated healing of bone fractures, for example. These systems have power requirements up to a hundred times that of dispensers. 

Biosensors may be key to advancing the capabilities of robotics. Advanced biosensors able to carry out functions such as neural stimulation, vision, hearing, tasting, and smelling may be integrated into robotic control devices for a wide variety of consumer products. For example, taste biosensors could standardize food flavor use, and optical and audio biosensors could be used to control production lines, home appliances, security systems, or automatic pilots in motor vehicles. 

FIG U R E 2 Kinetic properties of cellular processes leading to MLCK activation in neurally stimulated tracheal smooth muscle. 

Current introduced to the body is often held to low values by the electrical resistance of dry skin, between 5,000 and 10,000 ohms (Kantrowitz, 1972). Wet skin will have electrical resistance levels as low as one-tenth of this. Where electrical leads are introduced subcutaneously, resistance falls to 10-50 ohms, and this situation is potentially dangerous. Subcutaneous leads are used for heart pacemakers, artificial hearts, transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation (TENS) to block pain, and subdural leads for the control of Parkinson s disease. 

---