Upwardly-directed

Fig. 14. (a) Correlation of jet penetration, P, from distributors iato fluidized beds where (—) represents upwardly directed jets and (-) downwardly and... 

Judging from the hydraulic heads, the vertical flow across the semipermeable interface 1 is in a downward direction, whereas across the semipermeable interface 2 it is in an upward direction. Therefore, unit 2 is being fed by fluid from the phraetic aquifer above it and the confined aquifer below. 

Taking the upward direction as positive, when both Fy < 0 and Fs<0, represents a co-current downflow operation, if Fs < 0, but Fy > 0 means a counter-current operation. The rest of the equation defining the system can be seen in Berty (1997). Integration was done by the Romberg method as is used in Mathcad PLUS 6 (1996) software. 

In the tubular process a thin tube is extruded (usually in a vertically upward direction) and by blowing air through the die head the tube is inflated into a thin bubble. This is cooled, flattened out and wound up. The ratio of bubble diameter to die diameter is known as the blow-up ratio, the ratio of the haul-off rate to the natural extrusion rate is referred to as the draw-down ratio and the distance between the die and the frost line (when the extrudate becomes solidified and which can often be seen by the appearance of haziness), the freeze-line distance. 

The problem must be simplified considerably to permit solution in the context of this book. Suppose an equilateral triangle is subjected to some loads in the vertical direction as in Figure 7-22. A load P of 100 lb (445 N) is applied to the top joint, and that load can go in either the downward or upward direction (in the diagram, not in space ). This truss must take its reversible load with, say, a factor of safety of two against whatever event would cause it to fail. What material, size, and weight of truss element would you select to satisfy the design requirements that include building the structure for the lowest cost ... 

In the loading configuration of Figure 2-29, the beam will bend in the concave upward direction, thus putting the lowermost fiber in tension and the uppermost fiber in compression. The magnitude of this axial stress is... 

Fig. 9.14 Effective thickness derived from NFS measurements on [Fe(tpa)(NCS)2]. The open squares solid circles) denote measurements with a fraction of high-spin (low-spin) higher than 95%. The open circle at 40 K denotes the trapped high-spin isomer obtained after rapid cooling. The inset shows the step in the transition region the upward directed triangles downward directed triangles) denote measurements recorded with decreasing (increasing) temperature. The lines are guides to the eyes. (Taken from [41])...

For a grid, achieving equal distribution of gas flow through many parallel paths requires equal resistances and sufficient resistance to equal or exceed the maximum value of any unsteady-state pressure fluctuation. It has been determined experimentally that the head of solids in some fluidized beds above an upwardly-directed grid port can vary momentarily by as much as 30%. This is due to large fluctuations in the jet penetration for an upwardly-directed jet as discussed in the previous section. The equivalent variation downstream of a downwardly-directed port is less than 10%. Thus, as a rule of thumb, the criteria for good gas distribution based on the direction of gas entry are ... 

The following table gives the attrition-rate constant (Ka) for FCC catalyst as a function of particle size range (0-d) for upwardly-directed jets. 

Karri (1990) reported that downwardly-directed jets have approximately twice the steady-state attrition rate as that of upwardly directed jets. The attrition rates for upwardly and laterally directed jets are essentially the same. 

In bubble columns the static head of the fluid is the dominant component of the pressure drop and consequendy it is important to determine the void fraction of the dispersion. All quanuties will be measured as posidve in the upward direction, this being the direction of flow of the dispersed phase. Assuming that the gas bubbles are of uniform size and are uniformly distributed over any cross section of the column, the gas and liquid velocities relative to the column are... 

Y+ Single acting support — a pipe support that provides support to the piping system in only the vertically upward direction ... 

It may be noted that, in a gas absorption process, gas and liquid concentrations will decrease in the upwards direction and both dX and dY will be negative. 

You will see a molecule sequence starting at the active molecule and following the synthesis tree in an "upwards" direction until it reaches molecule n° 1. In other words, the screen shows how to arrive, in a synthetic sense, at molecule n 1 beginning with the molecule you have marked as "active... 

Tra/u-fused 7- and 9-hydroxyoctahydrobenz[/]quinolines (OHB[f]Qs) (for example (32) and (33), respectively) have been found to possess potent dopaminergic properties, provided that the nitrogen atom is properly substituted (< nPr for trans-9-OW in the downwards direction and any size of an alkyl group for trans-l-OW in the upwards direction see below) [95]. These results are further substantiated by the fact that the 2-substituted rra 5-7-OH-OHB[f Qs (for example (34)) display low dopaminergic activity (too bulky downwards ), while their 9-OH analogues (for example (35)) are very potent dopaminergics [96], Similarly, new phenolic (c )-and (trans)-l,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-octahydrobenz[ ]quinolines (OHB[g]Qs) have been... 

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