Internal control of production

In the USA, type of protection NT ( Non-Incendive ) is widely used for Division 2 applications. Operational principle and requirements are comparable with European regulations according to EN 50021. As opposed to European practice, nL apparatus shall be certified by a testing body. In Europe, following Directive 94/9/EC ( ATEX 100a Directive ), a manufacturer s declaration and internal control of production is adequate for category 3G apparatus (see Section 3.3). 

Self-declaration. This route is available for products/machines where a mandatory type exam is not required. This route allows internal control of production through product assessment and testing by the manufacturer. Under self-declaration, the manufacturer takes complete responsibility for the assessment, testing, documentation, and declaration of conformity and CE marking. 

Materials management—The grouping of management functions supporting the complete cycle of material flow, from the purchase and internal control of production materials to the planning and control of work in process to the warehousing, shipping, and distribution of the finished product. 

Internal Control of Production Manufacturers shall prepare technical documentations that allow the conformity of a product to be assessed. In some cases a copy of these documentations shall be presented to a notified body for review. Here it is important to note that there are two categories of CE certifications, namely, CE marking with or without identification number, as shown in Fig. X/3.2.2-1. Surface temperature details are available in Table X/3.2.1-4. There is another ATEX directive (99/92/EC), which is known as the ATEX workplace directive or ATEX 137. This is meant for the duty of employees to minimize the risk from explosive atmospheres. See also Clause 3.2.3. 

Vacuum pumps of category 2 which pump from zone 1 have to be subjected by the manufacturer to an internal control of production according to annex Vlll of the directive. In addition, the manufacturer has to deposit a technical documentation for the vacuum pump at a Notified Body, including a risk assessment, ignition hazard assessment and notes for the implemented measures to maintain the explosion protection. 

Category 3 electrical equipment will have to be subject to internal control of production by the manufacturer. 

The first DNA preparations in this part of the study was PCR product - DNA of Chlamydia trachomatis 17 > bp), in the presence of a smaller by molecular mass internal control of human DNA. After migration the gel was exposured for 5, 30, 300 and 600 seconds by transilluminator Vilber Lourmat, equipped with 6 UV lamps with irradiance W = 0,24 W/m2 and 254 nm filter. The degree of structural integrity loss of amplificated DNA was evaluated by the decrease of brightness intensity of the of the bands processed by using the tools of "ImageJ" computer program. 

Maloni M, Benton WC (1999) Power influences in the supply chain. The Ohio State University, Fisher College of Business Mandal P, Gunasekaran A (2002) Application of SAP R/3 in on-line inventory control. International Journal of Production Economics 75 47-55 Mam MV, Rosiello RL (1992) Managing Price, Gaining Profit. Harvard Business Review 70 (5) 84-94... 

Notwithstanding the intellectual challenges posed by the subject, the main impetus behind the development of computational models for turbulent reacting flows has been the increasing awareness of the impact of such flows on the environment. For example, incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons in internal combustion engines is a major source of air pollution. Likewise, in the chemical process and pharmaceutical industries, inadequate control of product yields and selectivities can produce a host of undesirable byproducts. Even if such byproducts could all be successfully separated out and treated so that they are not released into the environment, the economic cost of doing so is often prohibitive. Hence, there is an ever-increasing incentive to improve industrial processes and devices in order for them to remain competitive in the marketplace. 

Recent years have also witnessed exciting developments in the active control of unimolecular reactions [30,31]. Reactants can be prepared and their evolution interfered with on very short time scales, and coherent hght sources can be used to imprint information on molecular systems so as to produce more or less of specified products. Because a well-controlled unimolecular reaction is highly nonstatistical and presents an excellent example in which any statistical theory of the reaction dynamics would terribly fail, it is instmctive to comment on how to view the vast control possibihties, on the one hand, and various statistical theories of reaction rate, on the other hand. Note first that a controlled unimolecular reaction, most often subject to one or more external fields and manipulated within a very short time scale, undergoes nonequilibrium processes and is therefore not expected to be describable by any unimolecular reaction rate theory that assumes the existence of an equilibrium distribution of the internal energy of the molecule. Second, strong deviations Ifom statistical behavior in an uncontrolled unimolecular reaction can imply the existence of order in chaos and thus more possibilities for inexpensive active control of product formation. Third, most control scenarios rely on quantum interference effects that are neglected in classical reaction rate theory. Clearly, then, studies of controlled reaction dynamics and studies of statistical reaction rate theory complement each other. 

Unlike surfactants, these agents do not appreciably lower surface and interfacial tension thus, they have little tendency to create foam or wet particles. Most deflocculants, however, are not generally considered safe for internal use, and as a result the only acceptable dispersant for internal products is lecithin or a lecithin derivative (naturally occurring mixture of phospha-tides and phospholipids). Because lecithins vary in water solubility and dispersibility characteristics, proper control of product specifications must be maintained to obtain reproducibility. 

Witzermtm, J. P. and Nof, S. Y. (1996), Integration of Simulation and Emuleition with Graphical Design for the Development of Cell Control Programs, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 33, No. 11, pp. 3193-3206. 

Linn, R. J., and Wysk, R. A. (1990), An Expert System Based Controller for an Automated Storage-Retrieval System, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 135-156. 

Adachi, T, Moodie, C. L., and Talavage, J. J. (1988), A Pattern-Recognition-Based Method for Controlling a Multi-loop Production System, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 26, No. 12, pp. 1943-1957. 

Chang, T., and Yih, Y. (1998), A Fuzzy Rule-Based Approach for Dynamic control of kanbans in a generic kanban system, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 2247-2257. 

Pei, J. and Klabjan, D., 2010. Inventory control in serial systems under radio frequency identification. International Journal of Production Economics 123(1), 118-136. 

Y. Chen. Economic design of X control charts for non-normal data using variable sampling policy International Journal of Production Economics, 92(1), 2004, pp. 61-74. 

The FPC consists of inspection and tests on finished asphalt and is the permanent internal control of the production process. 

N.P. Dellaert. Due-date setting and production control. International Journal of Production Economics, 23 59-67,1991. 

Mrugalska, B., Akielaszek-Witczak, A. Stetter, R. 2014. Robust quality control of products with experimental design. In D. Popescu (ed ), pp. 343-348, International Conference on Production Research—Regional Conference Africa. Europe and the Middle East and 3rd International Conference on Quality and Innovation in Engineering and Management, Cluj-Napoca. Romania. 1-5 July 2014. Cluj-Napoca Technical University of Cluj-Napoca. 

Ashayeri, J., Heuts, R.J.M., Lansdaal, H.G.L. and Strijbosch, L.W.G. 2006. Cyclic production-inventory planning and control in the pre-Deco industry a case study. International Journal of Production Economics, 103, 715-725. 

Banerjee, S., Banerjee, A., Burton, J. and Bistline, W. 2001. Controlled partial shipments in two-echelon supply chain networks a simulation study. International Journal of Production Economics, 71, 91-100. 

Hsiao, Y.-C. 2008. Integrated logistic and inventory model for a two-stage supply chain controlled by the re-order and shipping points with sharing information. International Journal of Production Economics, 115, 229-235. 

Ortega, M. and Lin, L. 2004. Control theory appUcations to the production-inventory problem a review. International Journal of Production Research, 21, 2303-2322. 

Pan, J. C.-H. and Yang, J.S. 2002. A study of an Integrated inventory with controllable lead time. International Journal of Production Research, 40, 1263-1273. 

Schwartz, J.D. and Rivera, D.E. 2010. A process control approach to tactical inventory management in production-inventory systems. International Journal of Production Economics, 125, 111-124. 

Kang, J., Kim, Y. (2012). Inventory control in a two level supply chain with risk pooling effect. International Journal of Production Economics, 135, 116—124. 

In evaluation research, scientists study effects of programme changes made inside companies, without being involved in the changes themselves. An aluminium plant had introduced a documented SHE information system, involving improved routines for accident and near-accident reporting, workplace inspections and follow-up of SHE results. An evaluation study showed that the introduction of internal control, in combination with other measures such as improved maintenance, contributed to an improved control of production. This resulted not only in substantially reduced losses from accidents but also in reduced overall operational expenditures (Kjellen et al., 1997). 

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