Complete cycle

One should also notice that resonant excitation completely cycles the population between the lower and upper state with a period of 2ji/0. Non-resonant excitation also cycles population between the states but never completely depopulates the lower state. Finally, one should notice that non-resonant excitation cycles population between the two states at a faster rate than resonant excitation. 

This completes one complete cycle of the genetic algorithm. The new papulation then becomes the current population ready for a new cycle. The algorithm repeatedly applies this sequence for a predetermined number of iterations and/or until it com erges. 

The cycle of oscillation is 0 to 2n, precisely the circumference of a circle. After one cycle of 2n radians is complete, another cycle begins, identical to the one before it. The angular frequency in radians co is related to the frequency expressed in units of complete cycles per second v as co = 2nv, whence... 

A 10,0-g mass connected by a spi itig to a statiotiaiy poitit executes exactly 4 complete cycles of harmonic oscillation in 1,00 s. What are the period of oscillation, the frequency, and the angular frequency What is the force constant of the spring ... 

The electric field of electromagnetic radiation completes 4.00 x lO - " complete cycles in 1.00 s. What are the period and frequency of the oscillation, and what is its wavelength What is the frequency in units of cm ... 

Dry Solids or Filtrate Rate Filtration rate, expressed either in terms of diy solids or filtrate volume, may be plotted as a function of time on log-log paper. However, it is more convenient to delavthe rate calculation until the complete cycle of operations has been defined. 

Cycle A complete course of ion-exchange operation. For instance, a complete cycle of cation exchange would involve regeneration of the resin with acid, rinse to remove excess acid, exhaustion, backwash, and finally regeneration. 

Frequency Number of complete cycles of current per second, expressed in Hertz (Hz). Megahertz (MHz) is 106 Hz. 

If reheat is introduced between a high pressure turbine and a low pressure turbine then examination of the T,s diagram (Fig. 3.4a) shows that the complete cycle is now made up... 

The error reduction analysis concludes one complete cycle of the qualitative human error analysis component of the methodology set out in Figure 5.4. The analyst then decides if it is appropriate to perform a more detailed analysis on any of the operations considered at the current level. As a result of this process, operations 3.2 Monitor tanker following operation, 4.1 Stop filling operation, 4.2 Disconnect tanker, and 4.4 Secure tanker are analyzed in more detail (see Figure 5.6). 

This simulation shows that the purity of the raffinate collected over a complete cycle is about 97.0 % and the extract is about 98.5 %. These results are close to the target and adequate purity can be reached with minor changes in flowrates. Further details will be given in the next section. 

Angle of roll or pitch is the angle to one side from vertical. The period is for a complete cycle. 

The flow capacity of a pump can be expressed as its displacement per revolution or by its output in gallons per minute (gpm). Displacement is the volume of liquid transferred in one complete cycle of pump operation. It is equal to the volume of one pumping chamber multiplied by the number of chambers that pass the outlet during one complete revolution or cycle. Displacement is expressed in cubic inches per revolution. 

Reciprocating linear-motion machines incorporate components that move linearly in a reciprocating fashion to perform work. Such reciprocating machines are bidirectional in that the linear movement reverses, returning to the initial position with each completed cycle of operation. Non-reciprocating linear-motion machines incorporate components that also generate work in a straight line, but do not reverse direction within one complete cycle of operation. 

The simplest kind of periodic motion or vibration, shown in Figure 43.7, is referred to as harmonic. Harmonic motions repeat each time the rotating element or machine component completes one complete cycle. 

The shift in vibration profile is the result of the linear motion of the pistons used to provide compression of the air or gas. As each piston moves through a complete cycle, it must change direction two times. This reversal of direction generates the higher second harmonic (2x) frequency component. 

A complete cycle of iron-oxo generation and substrate oxidation with the consumption of one equivalent 02 and one equivalent a-ketoglutarate is necessary for each of the reactions catalyzed by clavaminate synthase. The different substrates utilized by clavaminate synthase adopt slightly different positions relative to the... 

With RM one inherent overall disadvantage exists. It is that the complete cycle for a single mold is significantly longer than it is for many other processes. However, in many cases it is possible to run multiple molds on each arm or arms, to offset the effect of hav-... 

In the reinforced RIM (RRIM) process a dry reinforcement preform is placed in a closed mold. Next a reactive plastic system is mixed under high pressure in a specially designed mixing head. Upon mixing, the reacting liquid flows at low pressure through a runner system to fill the mold cavity, impregnating the reinforcement in the process. Once the mold cavity is filled, the plastic quickly completes its reaction. The complete cycle time required to produce a molded thick product can be as little as one minute. 

It is an immediate consequence of Carnot s theorem that the ratio of the quantities of heat absorbed and rejected by a perfectly reversible engine working in a complete cycle, depends only on the temperatures of the bodies which serve as source and refrigerator. 

Definition of Absolute Temperature.— The temperatures of two bodies are proportional to the quantities of heat respectively taken in and given out in localities at one temperature and at the other, respectively, by a material system subjected to a complete cycle of perfectly reversible thermodynamic operations, and not allowed to part with or take in heat at any other temperature or, the absolute values of two temperatures are to one another in the proportion of the heat taken in to the heat rejected in a perfect thermodynamic engine working with a source and refrigerator at the higher and lower of the temperatures respectively. ... 

Theorem.—A process yields the maximum amount of available energy when it is conducted reversibly.—Proof. If the change is isothermal, this is a consequence of Moutier s theorem, for the system could be brought back to the initial state by a reversible process, and, by the second law, no work must be obtained in the whole cycle. If it is non-isothermal, we may suppose it to be constructed of a very large number of very small isothermal and adiabatic processes, which may be combined with another corresponding set of perfectlyJ reversible isothermal and adiabatic processes, so that a complete cycle is formed out of a very large number of infinitesimal Carnot s cycles (Fig 11). 

If a material system experiences a continuous action, or a complete cycle of operations, of a perfectly reversible kind, the quantities of heat which it takes in at different temperatures are subject to a homogeneous linear equation, of which the coefficients are the reciprocals of these temperatures. If Qr be... 

FIGURE 6.32 In a Born-Haber cycle, we select a sequence of steps that starts and ends at the same point (the elements, for instance). The lattice enthalpy is the enthalpy change accompanying the reverse of the step in which the solid is formed from a gas of ions. The sum of enthalpy changes around the complete cycle is 0 because enthalpy is a state function. 

Henry s law The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid solubility X partial pressure. hertz (Hz) The SI unit of frequency 1 Hz is one complete cycle per second 1 Hz = l s 1. 

The first cell has the maximum capacity of 108 A h kg" and the energy density of 111 W h kg" The coulombic efficiency was close to 100% over at least 2000 complete cycles when cycled between 1.35 V and 0.5 V at a constant current density of 1 mA cm". The second cell also showed excellent recyclability (4000 cycles with 95% coulombic efficiency), on the other hand the discharge capacity decreased steadily from 40 to 25 A h kg" after 4000 cycles. In PANI batteries with aprotic... 

Manufactnre is the complete cycle of prodnction of a medical product. This cycle... 

CTES undergoes a complete cycle (i.e., the initial and final storage-fluid states are identical). 

An exergy balance for a CTES undergoing a complete cycle of charging, storing and discharging can be written as... 

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