Five principles

A steering committee was formed and the FDA has been working on this initiative with industry groups. The following are the five principles for guiding the initiative ... 

A fundamental fuel cell model consists of five principles of conservation mass, momentum, species, charge, and thermal energy. These transport equations are then coupled with electrochemical processes through source terms to describe reaction kinetics and electro-osmotic drag in the polymer electrolyte. Such convection—diffusion—source equations can be summarized in the following general form... 

Eric R. Kandel, a professor at Columbia University, is one of the world leaders in the science of the central nervous system, which he prefers to call the science of mind. A winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 2000, together with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard, for his studies on the mechanism of learning, he has written the history of his life in science in an elegant book In Search of Memory. In this book, Kandel defines five principles of the science of mind. Here they are (and I quote directly) ... 

For the present, remember the five principles enunciated by Kandel as we explore the chemistry of the nervons system. Since the focal point of this book is the molecules of life, 1 shall have more to say about the signaling molecules that act on and between nerve cells than abont nenral circuits. However, let s begin by identifying some of the mental fnnctions of the brain. 

Two additional material principles were added to the tria prima in the seventeenth century to form the five-principle view that characterized the iatrochemistry until the middle of the eighteenth century, when the four Aristotelian elements returned largely through the influence of the French chemist Pierre-Joseph Macquer. Robert P. Multhauf has given a splendid account of these pre-modern years in The Origins of Chemistry. ... 

Lemery utilizes the five principles very little in the body of the text. The mercurial spirit, which was presented so prominently in the first section, never comes up for discussion in the text, nor does water as a principle. Salt is used as a generic material term, referring to all those bodies soluble in water and conveying a saline taste. Chief among these are the acid salts, derived from the First Principle as a universal acid liquor that percolates through the earth and, by long fermentation and concoction,... 

Firmly in the iatrochemical tradition, Homberg believed that the analysis by fire revealed the familiar five principles, salt, sulphur, mercury, WATER, and EARTH. SuLPHUR was the active and earth the passive principle, the others having an intermediate nature. Earth never acts, but serves only as a receptacle or matrix for the other principles.These, of course, were the philosophical principles, and he spent some time describ-... 

Block has delineated five principles, set out in Box 6.3, by which a manager may pursue positive organizational politics. They all involve in some way balancing personal values and interest with those of the organization or wider community, a re-ordering of the way we view our self-interest ... 

Lactose may be quantified by methods based on one of five principles ... 

Eigen, M. Schuster, P. (1982). Stages of emerging life. Five principles of early organization. J. Mol. Evol. 19,47-61. 

Box 1 Five principles underlying the economic impacts of emissions trading... 

The aim of emissions cap-and-trade is to secure emission reductions at the lowest possible overall cost the trading allows companies to seek emission reductions to meet the aggregate cap wherever and however it is cheapest to do so. Five principles underlie the practical economic impact of an emissions trading system applied to C02 ... 

This point is a general one, independent of the specific application. The Organisation for Economic and Co-operational Development (OECD) proposed five principles within the guidelines for the validation of regulatory QSAR models (18). OECD says that a model should be associated with the following informations ... 

Within the five principles, there are some interesting consequences, for instance, about the quality of the data. There should be a check of the input values. In case of toxicity values, some databases are good, but others not. We compared different official databases on pesticides and found differences. Worst is the case of data taken from the literature. But this aspect is not limited to the property values. We found many mistakes even in the chemical structures, which have been reported in journals. All these checks require time and efforts, and are not typically done when a QS AR model is studied for academic research. Vice versa, in case of a model to be proposed as a model for regulatory purposes, efforts should be dedicated to the quality check of the data. 

For the QSAR models, which are used for regulatory purposes, the OECD adopted five principles for validation of QSAR models [86]. The principles may ensure the statistical reliability and transparency of models. Briefly, a (Q)SAR model considered for regulatory purposes should be associated with the following information ... 

Despite his extensive speculation on the original composition of mixts, Lefebvre conceded that chemists found, upon actual resolution of mixts, the five principles or elements. Homogeneity served as the singular criterion for their selection after that the Artist hath performed the Chymical resolution of bodies, he doth finde last of all five kinde of substances, which Chymistry admits for the principles and Elements of natural bodies, whereupon are layd the grounds of its Doctrine, because... 

Whereas the Chymists in making the Analysis of Mixt Bodys have met with five sorts of Substances, they therefore concluded that there were five Principles of Natural things, Water, Spirit, Oil, Salt, and Earth. Of these Five, Three of them are Active, the Spirit, Oil, and Salt, and two passive, Water and Earth. ... 

Lemery made the procedural roots of the five principles clear. From his discussion of each principle one can easily infer the concrete types of substances obtained in the distillation of vegetables and animals. The Spirit which is called Mercury was a subtile, piercing, light substance that appeared when chemists made the Anatomy of a Mixt Body. Like other principles, it could not be drawn pure. When it was involv d in a little Oil, it appeared in the form of volatile spirit, such as spirit of wine. When it was detained by some salts, which check its Volatility, it appeared as fixed spirit, like the acid spirits of vitriol, alum, and... 

Lemery knew the limits of the distillation method in extracting the said five principles, particularly in the case of minerals. Some minerals produced barely two, and others (such as gold and silver) produced none, frustrating chemists attempts to find the salts, sulphurs, and mercuries of these metals. Whereas Boyle had charged on the basis this observation that chemists doctrine of principles was flawed, Lemery used a corpuscular reasoning to account for such difficulty ... 

Lemery s defense of the five principles and his corpuscular account of the acid-alkali reactions (quoted above) raise the possibility that he was aware of Boyle s critique of chemists principles and of the acid-alkali theory. As a leading Protestant apothecary employed in the royal household, Lemery should have been acquainted with other Protestant chemists in Paris. He returned to Paris in 1672, soon after Du Clos s critique of Boyle caused a stir within the Academy. He also knew Wilhelm Homberg, who had worked briefly in Boyle s laboratory. " It seems quite likely that Lemery incorporated Boyle s critique of chemical principles into the French didactic tradition, creating a unique blend of chemical philosophy. His limited yet flexible use of the corpuscular imagery illustrates well the fluidity of French didactic discourse in accommodating the current philosophical fashion. 

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