Toxicology behavioral

The toxicokinetic and toxicological behavior of lead can be affected by interactions with essential elements and nutrients (for a review see Mushak and Crocetti 1996). In humans, the interactive behavior of lead and various nutritional factors is particularly significant for children, since this age group is not only sensitive to the effects of lead, but also experiences the greatest changes in relative nutrient status. Nutritional deficiencies are especially pronounced in children of lower socioeconomic status however, children of all socioeconomic strata can be affected. 

Animal studies indicate that nutritional deficiencies in a number of essential elements (e.g., calcium, iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus) may impact the toxicokinetic and toxicological behavior of lead (ATSDR 1993 Chaney et al. 1989). In infants and children, lead retention has been shown to be inversely correlated with calcium intake (Johnson and Tenuta 1979 Sorrell et al. 1977 Ziegler et al. 1978). Zinc has been shown to have a protective effect against lead toxicity in a number of animal species (Goyer 1986 Haeger-Aronsen et al. 1976 Brewer et al. 1985 Cerklewski and Forbes 1976). 

Tin is comparable in its toxicological behavior to lead and mercury. Bivalent tin compounds generally are more toxic than the tetravalent compounds. Furthermore, organic tin compounds are more toxic than inorganic ones and the trialkyl analogs (triethyltin, trimethyltin, tributyltin) are the most toxic. As the number of carbon atoms attached to tin increases, the toxicity of the organic tin compounds rapidly declines9,77. 

Tin is comparable in its toxicological behavior to lead. Trialkyl species are the most toxic in both cases. While the toxicity of alkyltin species declines with alkyl chain length, that of alky Head species increases with alkyl chain length. 

The serendipitous discovery of the antitumor activity of cisplatin opened a huge field of research, leading to significant advances and successes in cancer chemotherapy [181]. Cisplatin and its analogues are reactive complexes that exhibit pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological behaviors so closely interdependent as to be all but impossible to untangle. Our focus here is and remains metabolism, but some considerations regarding activity and toxicity are also addressed. 

Both the degree and position of chlorine substitution on the biphenyl rings influence the physical-chemical and toxicological behavior of the individual PCB constituents (15). When PCBs are released into the environment, the original isomer distribution pattern of any PCB formulation may be altered as a result of specific interactions with the environment (14. 22. 23). 

In Silico Surrogates for In Vivo Properties Profiling for ADME and Toxicological Behavior... 

Keywords. Polychlorinated naphthalenes, Physical properties, Analytical methods, Levels, Toxicological behavior... 

Some of the literature on the toxicological behavior of lanthanides has arisen because of the concern about exposure to radioactivity. 

Antimony, which is considered a nonessential element, is comparable in its toxicological behavior to arsenic and bismuth. In analogy to arsenic, trivalent antimony compounds generally are more toxic than the pentavalent compounds. Poisoning with antimony and its compounds can result from acute and chronic exposure, especially from exposure to... 

Behavioral Testing in Aquatic Toxicology. Behavioral testing is often performed on fish, amphibians, and macroinvertebrates. 

See also Analytical Toxicology Behavioral Toxicology Metals Neurotoxicity Ototoxicity Organophosphates Petroleum Distillates Psychological Indices of Toxicity. 

Nitro- groups (—NO2) and halogen atoms (particularly Cl) bonded to the aromatic rings strongly affect the chemical and toxicological behavior of phenolic compounds. 

In principle, SAS can affect the health of a human being by skin contact, inhalation, or oral intake. In working environments dermal and inhalation toxicity are of major importance. Therefore, numerous corresponding investigations have been performed and papers published [82-87] which will be discussed below. Also, reference is made to papers giving general overviews of the toxicological behavior of SAS [88,89]. 

For the last few years, sulfuric acid has been one of the most commonly spilled substances (Environment Canada, 2000). The annual frequency of spills of sulfuric acid from 1990 to 1996 is shown in Figure 35.2. It can be seen that the number of spills is slowly decreasing. Chemical bums are the most prevalent hazard from spills of sulfuric acid. Its main properties, including physical, chemical, toxicological, behavioral, and environmental fate, are outlined in Section 35.3. 

The equally important matter of what information is produced about lead s potential for health impacts and who produces that data has been noted (Graebner, 1987 Mushak, 1992). For many years and until relatively recently, information on lead s environmental and toxicological behavior was usually generated through studies sponsored and supported by lead producers, industrial lead users, or their trade groups. 

Radioactive isotopes of an element have similar environmental and toxicological behavior to the non-radioactive isotopes. If they are introduced into the body by inhalation ingestion, the chemical properties of the element will determine its ultimate destination in the body. For example, it is well known that strontium and radium are chemically similar to Ca and tend to deposit on bone surfaces and bone marrow with that element tritium ( H) becomes incorporated into water molecules and is distributed throughout the body. The main difference between radioactive and nonradioactive isotopes is that the radionuclides emit one or more types of radiation as they decay to more stable forms. The type and energy level of the emitted radiation is nuclide-specific. 

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