Intake calculation

However, there is no general requirement that enforcement methods need to monitor all metabolites of an active ingredient. The primary purpose of enforcement methods is to detect violations of good agricultural practice. For this purpose, residue levels found in samples from the market (so-called Market Basket Surveys) have to be compared with MRLs, which are derived from residue concentrations found in supervised trials. It is not necessary for this comparison to be based on the total pesticide residue. Most often the choice of a single compound (e.g., parent or primary metabolite) as a marker of the total pesticide residue is more feasible. Method development and the later method application are much easier in that case. Only for intake calculation purposes, e.g., when the daily intake of pesticide residues (calculated from the results... 

Feed Consumption. Feed consumption can be measured over two to three consecutive days, and the average daily intake calculated. A problem with measuring feed intake in ferrets is their tendency to dig through their feed bowl, which often results in an unacceptable amount of spillage. Use of a feed follower may help reduce the spillage. 

Statistical evaluation of the critical factors influencing intake calculations. 

Table 10.1 Organophosphorus pesticide intakes calculated as % ADI in the New Zealand diet. Data from the 1997/98 New Zealand Total Diet Survey (Cressey et al., 2000)...

If the procedures described above are adhered to, analytical problems can normally be circumvented. As the levels of most trace elements in muscle tissue and milk are very low, it may well happen that they are often at or below the LoDs of the technique resorted to, which for ET-AAS is usually reported to be in the order of 5-25 p,g kg-1, or even lower. Cadmium is usually present at levels below 5 p,gkg 1 (with the exception of horse meat), often below 1 p,gkg 1. Since the detection power for Cd is much better than for Pb, the LoD is typically in the order of <1-5 p,g kg-1. For control purposes this is entirely sufficient. For intake calculations however, results below the LoDs are impossible to quantify. For this purpose, better LoDs are needed. Since this may be very difficult to achieve,... 

Two studies by MacDonald-Taylor et al. (1992, 1997) produced similar renal lesions in rabbits. In these studies, weanling New Zealand male rabbits were exposed to uranium for 91 days via drinking water containing 0, 24, or 600 mg/L uranyl nitrate Doses were not calculated from water intake. Calculations using default reference values for this species result in doses of 0, 0.93, and 23 mg U/kg/day (EPA 1998). Each treatment group was divided into 3 subgroups immediate sacrifice and either 45-day or 91-day recovery period. At the end of the recovery periods, rabbits were sacrificed and renal sections prepared... 

Carcinogenic risk is a function of the chronic daily intake (calculated using Equation (1) and the slope factor (SF)) ... 

Nursing mothers typically take in 15% more potassium than non-nursing women (Anke et al. 2003). At present, the normal daily potassium requirement of adults is not known, but for adults the minimum value has been cited as -1.6-2.0 g (Anonymous RDA 1989) or 2000 mg (Anonymous 2000). This requiremenf is an estimation, and is tantamount to a recommendation. A comparison of potassium intake measured by the duplicate portion technique and as calculated by the basket method showed an overestimation of calculated potassium intake by 30%. Hence, methods of potassium intake calculation should not be used (Anke etal. 2003). For example, Pittelkow (1992) calculated a daily potassium intake of 3.0 g kg for women and 4.0 g kg by men in Germany, but on average this was an overestimation by 25% for both groups. 

Kobayashi E, Obuko Y, Suzanowo Y, Kido T and Nogawa K (2002) Dose-response relationship between total cadmium intake calculated from the cadmium concentration in rice collected from each... 

Long-term dietary intakes arc expressed as percentage of the ADI for a 60-kg person, with the exception of the intake calculated for the Far East, for which a body weight of 55 kg is used (Codex, 1997b). The detailed procedure for calculations of long-term dietary intake can be found in Annexiirc 3 of JMPR (2002a). 

Where adequate data are not available, MRLs are specified for the fat portion of animal products. Consumption data for mammalian and poultry meat are corrected on the assumption Ihat mammalian meat contains 20% fat and poultry meat (with adhering skin) contains 10% fat. Dietary intake calculation.s are based on MRLs (fat) for fat-soluble pesticides and for non-fat-soluble pesticides. For mammalian animals, 20% of the meat consumption is u.sed for fat-soluble pe.sticides and 80% of meat consumption is used for non-fat-soluble pesticides. For poultry, the corresponding values are 10 and 90% (JMPR, 2002a). 

Table VI lists the dietary intake calculation for abamectin. The other pesticides calculations were done and listed in Table VII. All TMDIs of residues of 7 compounds from this case did not exceed individual ADI and the dietary intake is unlikely to present a public heath concern. The MRLs proposals will be submitted to the China authority for approval.

Chronic and short-term intake calculations showed that there were no dietary exposure concerns for any of the pesticides for which MRLs for spices and dried chili peppers were proposed by CCPR. Consequently, the Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted the MRLs for spices (Table I) and for dried chili peppers (Table II) in its sessions in 2005 [8] and 2006 [9], respectively. 

Two intake calculation models are now available, one for short-term (acute) intake calculations the other for long-term (chronic) intake calculations. These two models present updates of the previous versions, with new adult, vegetarian, elderly and more detailed child consumption data incorporated. As Excel spreadsheets, they are designed to be more user friendly than the previous versions and are available with accompanying guidance notes. 

Daily dietary intake of nine PFC, including PFOS and PFOA, were assessed in matched daily diet duplicates [13]. Diet samples were collected in year 2004 from 20 women in Osaka and Miyagi, Japan. Only PFOS and PFOA were detected in the diet samples without observing significant difference between cities. After adjusted by water content, diet concentration of PFOA was significantly higher in Osaka. The median daily intake calculated using the measured diet concentrations was... 

The four steps of the risk-assessment process are hazard identification, analysis of exposure, analysis of effect, and risk characterization. In the hazard identification step, the risk assessor identifies chemicals of concern, environmental pathways of exposure, and populations and subpopulations at risk. The exposure analysis develops exposure scenarios and estimates the chronic daily intake of each chemical of concern. In the analysis of effect, the risk assessor combines the chronic daily intake calculated in the exposure analysis with toxicity data from animal studies (and/or human epidemiological studies, if available) to estimate the risk of toxic effects in exposed populations, whereby risks to public health are divided into two broad categories noncancer health effects and cancer. The final step of the risk-assessment process, risk characterization, is a narrative that marshals all the evidence of risk to public health, including quantitative risk assessments and qualitative evidence of risk. The risk assessor weighs all the evidence and uses professional judgment to draw conclusions about risks. 

The iodine intake calculated by the basket method was one third higher than that measured by the duplicate method during 2 test years- This is an aspect which might be of importance for the interpretation of iodine deficiency". 

Energy intake calculated from average daily intakes during week 4 of the experimental period. 

For practical purposes, on the basis of studies performed in the 1950s, 60 mg tryptophan is deemed to give rise to 1 mg nicotinic acid hence 60 mg tryptophan contributes 1 mg niacin equivalent, for dietary intake calculations and food tables (see Table 1). 

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