Feed consumption

Futter-verbrauch, m. food (or feed) consumption. -wert, m. forage value, feed value, -wicke, /. common vetch (Vtcta sativa). -wurzel, /. forage root. 

The eggs were collected daily and were kept under refrigeration until they were analyzed for their DDT content. Feed consumption and production records were kept for each hen. The data on weight gains, food consumption, and egg production will be published at the end of a 3-year feeding period. 

Data showing daily feed consumption and milk and butterfat production of the cows for the two years are given in Table V. During the period of feeding, there was no evidence that the cows receiving DDT-treated hay were injured in any way, or that their milk production was affected. Apparently the amount of DDT ingested daily and the release of DDT from the fatty tissues did not provide sufficient DDT in the blood stream to affect feed consumption or milk production. 

Table V. Average Daily Feed Consumption and Milk and Butterfat Production of...

Parental stock Percentage of eggs capable of brooding Fertility rate Hatching rate Number of chicks per hen Feed consumption per chick... 

Zinc treatments had no effect on overall egg production, feed conversion, feed consumption, hatchability, or progeny growth to age 3 weeks. Zinc was elevated in eggs from hens fed the 2000 mg/kg diet, but chick performance and tissue zinc content were unaffected by maternal zinc nutritional status (Stahl etal. 1990)... 

No adverse maternal or fetal effects (Infurna et al. 1988) Increased salivation initial reduction in feed consumption (Infurna et al. 1988)... 

Increased abortion rate no death of does. Weight loss, reductions in feed consumption and fetal and embryotoxic effects, including reduced fetal weight and increased incidence in skeletal variations (Infurna etal. 1988)... 

Egg production, body weight, and feed consumption decreased significantly ineffective in controlling northern fowl mite... 

Minimal rather than complete protocols tend to be more common in the acute testing of pharmaceutical agents. Drugs will almost always be subjected to at least one subchronic study. Body weight and feed consumption determinations are a standard feature of such studies. Additionally, changes in body weight and feed consumption are more likely in a subchronic than an acute study because the animals are dosed continuously between body weight determinations. 

Daily observations Pretreatment and twice daily during the study period Physical examinations Pretreatment and after dosing during Weeks 2 and 4 ECG Pretreatment and after dosing during Weeks 2 and 4 Ophthalmic examinations Pretreatment and during Week 4 Body weight Pretreatment, weekly, and prior to scheduled necropsy Feed consumption Pretreatment and weekly... 

Feed consumption Pretreatment, weekly through first month, bimonthly during the remainder of treatment period, and weekly during reversal Clinical lab Pretreatment, during Weeks 4 and 8 of treatment, prior to scheduled necropsy, and during Weeks 1 and 4 of reversal... 

Feed Consumption. Feed consumption is relatively easy to measure in the dog, since dogs do not usually spill much of their feed. The full feed bowl is weighed at the beginning and the empty bowl at the end of the feeding period (usually a 4-h period). This is repeated over two or three consecutive days and the average daily feed consumption calculated. 

Since ferrets eat only their caloric requirements, and since their gastrointestinal transit time is short (3-5 h), it is recommended that they receive diet ad libitum. Dry cat food was previously recommended for ferrets however, there are now at least two standardized ferret chows commercially available. The most important dietary variable is the quality of the protein, and ferrets appear to do best with a high percentage of animal protein in their diet (Morton and Morton, 1985). Feed consumption will be higher in the fall and winter and lower in the spring and... 

Feed consumption Pretreatment and weekly during the study... 

Feed Consumption. Feed consumption can be measured over two to three consecutive days, and the average daily intake calculated. A problem with measuring feed intake in ferrets is their tendency to dig through their feed bowl, which often results in an unacceptable amount of spillage. Use of a feed follower may help reduce the spillage. 

Feed Consumption. As mentioned previously, monkeys tend to scatter their feed, which can make feed consumption difficult to measure. In one laboratory feed consumption in monkeys was successfully monitored by using the larger chow biscuits and counting the number of biscuits (or fractions of biscuits) consumed over two consecutive 24-h periods. 

Gearhart et al. (1993) studied the interactions of chloroform exposure with body temperature in mice. Male mice were exposed to chloroform concentrations up to 5,500 ppm chloroform for 6 hours and their core body temperature monitored. The largest decrease in core body temperature was observed in the 5,500 ppm exposure group, followed by the 2,000, 800, and 100 ppm groups. There was no significant decrease in in vitro cytochrome P-450 activity at any temperature tested. The data collected were used to develop a PBPK model, which is discussed in more detail in Section 2.3.5. Decreased feed consumption also been reported at chloroform doses as low as 30 ppm in rats (Baeder and Hofinann 1988). 

Once we determined the toxicity by this I.P. route, we then tested the most active compounds in a non-choice feeding test in which the test compounds were incorporated into a rat diet and fed to weanling and adult Sprague-Dawley rats for ten days. This test required five rats per dose level and the levels were from 200 ppm to 10 ppm. Daily feed consumption data as well as necropsy data on the dead and moribund rats were collected. 

Since toxicity is a necessary but not sufficient quality of a rodenticide, the next phase of the testing was conducted to determine the acceptability of the treated diet to rats and mice. The test consisted of twenty rats per treatment level with at least twenty control animals. The tests were run from three to ten days, with the feed consumption data and necropsy data recorded for each animal. The desirable candidate compounds should comprise at least 30% of the total diet of the rats and should have a mortality of 90% or more. 

The TGD does not suggest default reference values for feed or water intake with the explanation that experimental conditions (e.g., type of diet) may affect the water and feed consumption. Instead aUometric equations are provided in order to derive default values on a case-by-case basis. The aUometric equations have been divided into species-specific equations, see Table 7.16, and general equations, see Table 7.17. The aUometric equations were originally presented in a report published by the US-EPA (1988), see Section 7.4.2. The TGD recommends that where possible the equations that are species-specific should be applied as they represent the most realistic approach, although they do not always correlate weU. 

F = feed consumption in kg/day L = liquid (water) consumption in liter/day ... 

Administered to pregnant rats by inhalation 7 hours/day on days 1-19 of gestation, 8000 ppm caused reduced fetal weights, an increased incidence of skeletal malformations, and significant maternal toxicity in the form of narcosis and reduced feed consumption." At 3 500 ppm for the same exposure time, there were no fetal or maternal effects. 

Administered by inhalation to pregnant rats on days 1-19 of gestation for 7 hours/day, 7000 ppm caused an increased incidence in resorptions, reduced fetal weights, significant maternal toxicity in the form of narcosis, reduced feed consumption, and reduced weight gain. At 3 500 ppm some maternal toxicity was observed, but there were no fetal effects. 

Administered by inhalation to rats 6 hours/ day on days 7-16 of gestation, 12,000ppm trfetal toxicity in the form of reduced fetal weights overt maternal toxicity was also observed at this dose and was expressed as a significant reduction in weight gain and in feed consumption. Increased incidences of alopecia, lethargy, salivation, and ocular irritation were also observed in the treated dams, trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene was not considered to be uniquely toxic to the rat conceptus. 

In 28-day feeding studies in rodents 30,000ppm in the diet of rats caused significant decreases in feed consumption and body weight gain. In mice swelling of the epithelium in the distal portion of the renal tubules was seen in mice fed 10,000 ppm in the diet. Dietary intake for 90 days caused changes in neurobehavioural parameters in the 18,000 ppm male rats, whereas mice fed 7500 ppm had centrilobular hypertrophy of the liver. ... 

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