Insulin metabolism

Zhou L, Yang Y, Wang X, Liu S, Shang W, Yuan G Li F, Tang J. Chen M, Chen J. (2007) Berberine stimulates glucose transport through a mechanism distinct from insulin. Metabolism 56 405-412. 

Kuperstein R. and Z. Sasson (2000). Effects of antihypertensive therapy on glucose and insulin metabolism and on left ventricular mass. Circulation 102 1802-1806. 

In this case stndy let us consider an insnlin delivery system to aid diabetes. Diabetes is a relatively common condition where the hnman body is nnable to prodnce sufficient quantities of a hormone called insnlin. Insulin metabolizes glncose in the blood. The conventional treatment of diabetes involves regnlar injections of genetically engineered insnhn. The problem with this treatment is that the level of insulin in the blood does not depend on the blood glucose level but is a function of the time when the insulin injection was taken. This can lead to very low levels of blood... 

MuiJer, M, J Acheson, K, J Jequter, E., and Burger, A. G. (1990). Thyroid hormone action on Lpid metabolism in humans A role for endogenous insulin. Metabolism 39,480-485. Ohtaki, S., Nekagpwa, H-, Nakamura, S Nakamura, M-, and Vamazaki, J. (1985). Characterization of hog thyroid peroxidase- /. fSiof. CfwFri- 260,441-448. 

Alvestrand A. Carbohydrate and insulin metabolism in renal failure. 

Endocrine Effects. Intraperitoneal injection of diabetic rats with sodium selenate has been reported to have insulin-like effects, producing a decrease in plasma glucose concentrations (McNeill et al. 1991). However, it is not clear that this is due to an effect of selenium on insulin metabolism, since food and water consumption were also decreased, and this is likely to have produced the decreased glucose levels. 

Rl. Rabkin, R., Unterhalter, S. A., and Duckworth, W. C., Effect of prolonged uremia on insulin metabolism by isolated liver and muscle. Kidney Int. 16, 433-439 (1979). 

There are several potentially practical ways to coax partially functioning islets of Langerhans to function more effectively. One is to stimulate the P-cells to release stored insulin from their granules. (Some P-cell function exists in NIDDM patients.) Inhibition of insulin metabolism is another possibility. Other ways to potentiate the existing, but inadequate, levels of insulin in Type II diabetics might be developed. If achievable, the suppression of glucagon release (or synthesis) would constitute another approach. Increasing the number of insulin receptors is, theoretically, also a viable approach to treat NIDDM. 

Whole grains are good sources of dietary magnesium, fiber, and vitamin E, which are involved in insulin metabolism. Relatively high intakes of these nutrients from whole grains may prevent hyperinsulinemia. Whole grains may also influence insulin... 

Brandao-Neto J, Vieira JG, Shuhama T, et al. 1990b. Interrelationships of zinc with glucose and insulin metabolism in humans. Biological Trace Element Research 24 73-82. 

McMurthy, J.P, Rosebrough, R.W. Steele, N.C. (1987). Insulin metabolism and its effect on blood electrolytes and glucose in the turkey hea Comp. Biochem Physiol, 86A, 309-13. 

Not understood. One study suggested that the hyperglycaemia is due to the inhibition of insulin release by the pancreas." Another suggestion is that the peripheral action of insulin is affected in some way. " There is also evidence that the effects may be related in part to potassium depletion." The hyponatraemia appears to be due to the additive sodium-losing effects of chlorpropamide, the thiazide and amiloride. Obese patients may be more sensitive to the effects of hydrochlorothiazide on insulin metabolism."... 

Gut microbiota composition may also modulate systemic inflammation. LPS, a constituent of Gram negative bacteria triggers the secretion of proinflammatory molecules. Elevated LPS levels in blood circulation, mainly through a high-fat diet, contribute to metabolic endotoxemia which modulate glucose and insulin metabolism... 

A. Frank, R. Gross, L. Salans, and J. Farquhar Glucose and insulin metabolism in carbohydrate-induced lipemia. Clin. Res. 13, 332 (1965). 

Adequate permeability for diffusion of essential nutrients (e.g., oxygen and glucose for islets of Langerhans) and cell secretory products (such as insulin, metabolic waste) Impermeability to secreted antibodies of the host s immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and glycoproteins after complement activation ... 

Louheranta, A.M. Sarkkinen, E.S. Vidgren, H.M. Schwab, U.S. Uusitupa, M.IJ. Association of the fatty acid profile of serum lipids with glucose and insulin metabolism during 2 fat-modified diets in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Am J Clin Nutr 2002,76,331-337. 

Ozanne, S.E. and C.N. Hales, 2002. Early programming of glucose-insulin metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13, 368-373. 

On the basis of data on metabolism of human monocomponent insulin in 6 women on oral contraceptives and 10 controls it has been suggested that capillary permeability to insulin is increased as well as the peripheral degration in women on oral contraceptives (119 ). The results indicate a significant alteration in insulin metabolism which may contribute to the impairment of carbohydrate tolerance seen in some women taking combined oral contraceptives. 

Srivastava, M. C., Oakley, N. W., Tompkins, C. V., Sonksen, P. H. and Wynn, V. (1975) Insulin metabolism, insulin sensitivity and hormonal responses to insulin infusion in patients taking oral contraceptive steroids. Europ. J. din. Invest. (Berl.), 5, 425. 

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