Insulin drug metabolism

Inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes —Displacement of drug from protein-binding sites —Impairment of glucose homeostatic mechanism —Induction of metabolizing enzymes Increased insulin resistance —Reduced renal secretion —Unknown... 

Finally, an often overlooked use of pathway analysis is in drug production. Many drugs can be synthesized by genetic engineering (e.g., insulin) or metabolic engineering (e.g., penicillin) of microorganisms or plants [Stephanopoulos, Aristidou, and Nielsen 1998]. The optimization of yield quantity and purity involves many of the same tools as are employed in understanding disease mechanisms. 

Finally it should be noted that drug metabolism can be modified, often substantially, by a number of factors like animal species, age, sex and strain. Other modifications can be induced by the nutritional status of the animals and hormonal influences. Those of adrenocorticosteroids, thyroid, and insulin are particularly important. 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

Metabolic Syndrome Insulin Receptor Glucose Transporters ATP-dependent K+ Channel Oral Antidiabetic Drugs... 

Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism involve perturbations which cause elevation of triglycerides and/or cholesterol, reduction of HDL-C, or alteration of properties of lipoproteins, such as their size or composition. These perturbations can be genetic (primary) or occur as a result of other diseases, conditions, or drugs (secondary). Some of the most important secondary disorders include hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, and alcohol use. Hypothyroidism causes elevated LDL-C levels due primarily to downregulation of the LDL receptor. Insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus result in impaired capacity to catabolize chylomicrons and VLDL, as well as excess hepatic triglyceride and VLDL production. Chronic kidney disease, including but not limited to end-stage... 

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