Insulin glucose metabolism

Recombinant human insulin analogue (rapid-acting insulin) glucose metabolism... 

THE ROLE OF CYCLIC AMP IN THE ACTION OF INSULIN glucose metabolism in the absence of insulin. 

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

Cr3 5 mg 0.2 mg Glucose metabolism affects action of insulin Com, clams, nuts... 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

PPARy is a transcription factor which controls the expression of enzymes and proteins involved in fat and glucose metabolism. More importantly, stimulation of this receptor induces differentiation of preadipocytes to adipose cells. It is believed that the formation of additional, small fat cells lowers free fatty acids and hepatic triglycerides, thereby collecting insulin resistance. 

FIGURE 49-1. Normal glucose metabolism. Once insulin binds with receptors on the cell membrane, glucose can move into the cell, promoting cellular metabolism and energy production. 

Insulin appears to activate a process that helps glucose molecules enter the cells of striated muscle and adipose tissue Figure 49-1 depicts normal glucose metabolism. Insulin also stimulates die synthesis of glycogen by die liver. In addition, insulin promotes protein syntiiesis and helps the body store fat by preventing its breakdown for energy. 

Yki-Jarvinen H Action of insulin on glucose metabolism in vivo. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993 7 903. 

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where glucose metabolism in the body is impaired. Type 1 diabetes is an early onset disease in which the pancreatic cells lose the function of insulin secretion either by genetic disposition or by a viral attack. Type 2 diabetes is a late onset disease developed due to insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance resulting in impaired glucose metabolism. 

To gain further insight into the mechanisms involved in defective insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle of insulin-resistant subjects, the possible role of IMCL in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus was explored by comparing insulin sensitivity (GIR) and IMCL content of insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive offsprings of patients with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-six healthy subjects were included in the first study, 13 of them classified as insulin-sensitive and further 13 as insulin-resistant. Metabolic and anthropometric data are given in Table 4. 

Figure 16.3 Effects of insulin on the glucose/fatty acid cycle. Insulin enhances glucose metabolism by stimulating glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue (see Chapter 12 for the mechanism of these effects). The effect of glucose metabolism on lipolysis is via stimulation of fatty acid esterification via glycerol 3-phosphate.

When Emma received her doctor s diagnosis, only one effective treatment for diabetes was available daily injection of extracts taken from the pancreases of a cow or pig. These extracts contained animal insulin that was enough like human insulin to metabolize glucose, a task that a diabetic s own body is unable to carry out. Preparing these extracts, however, was very time-consuming and expensive, and there were never enough cow and pig pancreases available to... 

Jordan SD, Kruger M, Willmes DM et al (2011) Obesity-induced overexpression of miRNA-143 inhibits insulin-stimulated AKT activation and impairs glucose metabolism. Nat CeU Biol 13 434-446... 

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