Insulin expression

Nadeau J, Grabs R, Goodyer CG, Wickramasinghe S, Colle E, Polychronakos C Insulin expression in human thymus is modulated by INS VNTR alleles at the IDDM2 locus. Nat Genet 1997 15 289-292. 

Chen, R., Meseck, M., McEvoy, R. C. and Woo, S. L. (2000). Glucose-stimulated and self-limiting insulin production by glucose 6-phosphatase promoter driven insulin expression in hepatoma cells. Gene Ther. 7, 1802-1809. 

Target cells for the action of insulin express on their cell surface insulin receptors. Like all receptors, this protein has two basic functions. These allow it to recognize the occurrence of insulin at the cell surface and also to generate a signal within the cell. The latter triggers all of the appropriate events characteristic of the action of this hormone. 

In the future we would like to get more direct evidence by obtaining enough material for direct analysis and to try and identify the DNA region responsible for the insulin expression. 

USA hu insulin Zn suspension insulin Novolin R Actrapid, Human Actrapid Recombinant human insulin expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Diabetes... 

Klonierung-Induktion2.avi Transformation of cells with the insulin plasmid DNA leads to insulin expression by the bacterial protein machinery. ( Vom Protein zur Zelle , kindly provided by SpringenVerlag, Berlin Heidelberg)... 

The recombinant DNA technology of Cohen and Boyer enabled them to generate the first commercial product in 1978 human insulin expressed in Escherichia coli. These efforts also led to the first biotech company on 15 October 1980 Genen-tech went public on the New York Stock Exchange. Fascination about this modern biopharmaceutical and the huge potential of the new biotechnology caused the stock price to jump from US 35 to 89 in the first 20 minutes by the evening of the same day, the market capitalization was US 66 million ... 

Song K H, Ko S H, Ahn Y B, et al. (2004). In vitro transdifferentiation of adult pancreatic acinar cells into insulin-expressing cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 316 1094-1100. 

Human insulin was the first animal protein to be made in bacteria in a sequence identical to the human pancreatic peptide. Expression of separate insulin A and B chains were achieved in Echerichia coli K-12 using genes for the insulin A and B chains synthesized and cloned in frame with the... 

There is weak expression of PPARy in muscle, liver and other tissues, enabling TZDs to support the effects of insulin in these tissues, notably increased glucose uptake in muscle and reduced glucose production in liver. TZDs may also affect nutrient metabolism by skeletal muscle through a direct mitochondrial action that is independent of PPARy. 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Table 2 Tissue expression, ligands, genes activated, and biological actions of the peroxisome proliterator-activated receptor-y (PPARy)... 

Structures expressed in the organs of an individual against his own immune system can mount an immune response. Autoantigens can be organ specific (e.g. insulin) or present in all cells (e.g. DNA). 

PPARy is a transcription factor which controls the expression of enzymes and proteins involved in fat and glucose metabolism. More importantly, stimulation of this receptor induces differentiation of preadipocytes to adipose cells. It is believed that the formation of additional, small fat cells lowers free fatty acids and hepatic triglycerides, thereby collecting insulin resistance. 

The ECE isoforms show different subcellular distributions and enzymatic characteristics (Table 2). ECE-la and ECE-lc are mainly expressed at the cell surface, whereas ECE-lb, ECE-Id and ECE-2 are expressed intracellularly. Plasma membrane-bound ECE cleaves big-ET-1 circulating in the blood, whereas intracellular ECE isoforms are involved in the generation of mature endothelins. In addition, ECEs (as well as NEP and the insulin-degrading enzyme) contribute to the degradation of amyloid (3 (A 3) peptide. 

GLUT2 is a glucose/fructose transport facilitator expressed in liver, small intestine, kidney, and pancreatic p-cells. GLUT2 has low-affinity for glucose (Km= 60 mM) and fructose (ivm=65 mM), and is an essential part of the glucose sensor of pancreatic (3-cells which controls insulin secretion and biosynthesis. 

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