Muscle glucose uptake

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

Vanttinen, M., Nuutila, P., Kuulasmaa, T., et al. (2005) Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the peroxisome proUferator-activated receptor delta gene are associated with skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Diabetes. 54,3587-3591. 

Richter, E. A., Ploug, T, and GaJbo, H. (1985). Increased muscle glucose uptake after exercise. Diabetes 34,1041-1048. 

Muscle is the major site of glucose disposal in man, and approximately 80% of total body glucose uptake occurs in skeletal muscle. In response to a physiologic increase in plasma insulin concentration, muscle glucose uptake increases linearly, reaching a plateau value of 10 mg/kg per minute. In contrast, in lean type 2 diabetic subjects, the onset of insulin action is delayed for 40 minutes, and the ability of insulin to stimulate leg glucose uptake is reduced by 50%. Therefore the primary site of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic subjects resides in muscle tissue. 

Mandarino L, Bonadonna R, McGuinness O, Wasserman D. Regulation of muscle glucose uptake in vivo. In Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD, eds. Handbook of Physiology, Section 7, The Endocrine System, Vol. 11, The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001 803-848. 

Merry TL, Steinberg GR, Lynch GS et al. (2010) Skeletal muscle glucose uptake during contraction is regulated by nitric oxide and ROS independently of AMPK. AmJ Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298,B577-B585. 

Nevertheless, this possibility remains attractive to consumers, and there is some strong recent evidence that carbohydrates consumed together with protein hydrolysates with added leucine and phenylalanine promote higher insulin secretion than can be achieved with carbohydrate intake alone. The potential advantages of this effect are that it may (1) further promote muscle glucose uptake and stimulate muscle glycogen synthesis, and so both increase the stores of this important fuel prior to exercise and enhance its restoration in the recovery phase after exercise, and (2) stimulate muscle amino acid uptake and protein synthesis during recovery from... 

Hawkins, M. Angelov, I. Liu, R. Barzilai, N. Rossetti, L. The tissue concentration of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine modulates the stimulatory effect of insulin on skeletal muscle glucose uptake. J. Biol Chem. 1997, 272, 4889 -4895. 

Rose, A. J. and E. A. Richter. 2005. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise, Physiology, 20, 260-270. 

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