Insects whitefly

The control of scale insects, whiteflies, plant hoppers, aphids, chinch bugs, phytophagous beetles, flies, caterpillars, masquitoes, and stored product pests costs more than one-half billion dollars annually in the United States alone. In the last decade great progress was made in the commercial production of microbial insecticides which can partially replace synthetically prepared insecticides. 

Triazophos is a broad-spectrum insecticide and acaricide with some nematocidal activity. It is used for control of aphids, beetles, foliar-feeding larvae, fruit flies, leafhoppers, leafminers, scales, soil insects, whiteflies, and nematodes in fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Its oral LD50 in rats is 57-59 mg/kg. 

Imidocloprid [105827-78-9] l-[(6-chloro-3-pytidinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imida2ohdininiine (4) (bp 137—144°C, vp 0.2 )J.Pa at 20°C) is soluble to 0.51 g/L. It is a synthetic nicotinoid with both contact and systematic activity against aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and other sucking insects. The rat LD qS are 424 male, 475 female (oral), and 5000 (dermal) mg/kg. 

Mayer R T, Inbar M, McKenzie C L, Shatters R and Borowicz V (2002), Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens , Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 51, 151-169. 

Tfiese insects will breed all year round on greenhouse plants. They may move out into the garden in the summer, but will not survive winter outdoors. Can transmit viruses. See also Whiteflies. 

Many types of soaps have been used to kill, dislodge or repel certain garden pests. They vary greatly in effectiveness and in toxicity to plants. They are frequently effective against thrips and other small, soft-bodied insects such as aphids, mealybugs and whiteflies. Their disadvantages are that they are expensive and they need to be reapplied frequently, possibly every three or four days. 

A. Too many Whitefly is a big problem for greenhouse grown plants. Aphids, slugs, caterpillars, thrips, spider mites, and scale insects can also damage your plants. Root rot and stem rot can be problems. Fungal spots can appear in leaves. It is not known which plant viruses attack Salvia divinorum but many attack other sages. 

Valdes had difficulty with insect infestations within the greenhouse. His plants suffered whitefly and Tetranychus urticae infestations, but when they were taken outside, wind and rain prevented these infestations (1). 

I have had good results combating whitefly (and to a lesser degree aphids) simply spraying the underside of the leaves with a solution of 1 tsp. liquid castile soap (such as Dr. Bronner s unscented) to 1 qt. of water. The soap breaks down the insects protective coating and they drown. The plants can be rinsed off the following day with clean water. You will want to repeat this procedure once a week for a couple of weeks to kill any pupa that survived the initial spraying and have turned into adults. 

Deltamethrin is a crystalline powder, white or slightly beige in color. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, ultra-low volume and flowable formulations, and granules. There are no known incompatibilities with other common insecticides and fungicides. It is used as a contact poison to control apple and pear suckers, plum fruit moths, caterpillars on brassicas, pea moths, aphids (apples, plums, hops), winter moths (apples and plums), and codling and tortrix moths (apples). It also is used in control of aphids, mealybugs, scale insects, and whiteflies on glasshouse cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, potted plants, and ornamentals.9-11... 

Methamidophos is an insecticide and acaricide for control of chewing and sucking insects and spider mites such as aphids, flea beetles, whiteflies, cabbage loopers, thrips, cutworms, Colorado potato beetles, armyworms, mites, leafhoppers, and others on vegetables, cotton, potatoes, and fruits. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 250-500 mg/kg. 

Nicotine, an alkaloid, is extracted from leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum and Nic-otiana rustica). It is used in home gardens and greenhouses for control of sucking insects such as leafhoppers, aphids, scales, thrips, and whiteflies. However, the use of nicotine is rapidly declining and is being replaced by newer synthetic insecticides because of its comparatively high mammalian toxicity. Its oral LD50 in rats is 55 mg/kg. 

Thiadiazine insecticides are derivatives of thiadiazine. Buprofezin is the only current member of this group. It is an insecticide with persistent larvicidal activity against sucking insects such as mealybugs, rice planthoppers, scales, and whiteflies in rice, potatoes, citrus, cotton, and vegetables. Its oral LD50 in rats is 2198 mg/kg. 

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide with contact and stomach poison activity for control of sucking insects including aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, thrips, and whiteflies, and soil insects, termites, and some species of biting insects. It has an oral LD30 in rats of 450 mg/kg. 

Thiacloprid is a broad-spectrum systemic insecticide for use as a seed treatment and for foliar use to control aphids, leafminers, whiteflies, and other sucking and biting insects. Its oral LD50 in rats is 444-836 mg/kg. 

Chlorfenapyr is used on cotton, vegetables, and ornamentals to control whiteflies, thrips, caterpillars, mites, leafminers, aphids, and Colorado potato beetles. It has an oral LD50 in rats of 441 mg/kg. This compound is not registered for cotton insect control in the United States because of potential hazards to bird reproduction. 

Substitution of broad-range insectieides with low-toxieity, seleetive insecticides against insects that are not controlled by Bt cotton. As noted above, for example, two insect growth regulators were introdueed as part of an IPM program in Arizona in 1996 that substituted for pyrethroid and other inseetieides used for control of the whitefly Bemisia [29]. 

Leafhoppers are a species of insects in the family Cicadellidae, order Homoptera, a group that also includes the cicadas, whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects. There are about 20,000 species of leafhoppers, including about 2,500 species in North America. 

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