Multitrophic interactions

Mayer R T, Inbar M, McKenzie C L, Shatters R and Borowicz V (2002), Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens , Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 51, 151-169. 

Oldham, N. J., and W. Boland. "Chemical Ecology Multifunctional Compounds and Multitrophic Interactions." Naturwissenschaften 83 (1996) 248-254. 

Bruce TJA, Matthes MC, Chamberlain K, Woodcock CM, Mohib A, Webster B, Smart LE, Birkett MA, Pickett JA, Napier JA (2008) cis-Jasmone induces Arabidopsis genes that affect the chemical ecology of multitrophic interactions with aphids and their parasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 4553 558... 

Bukovinszky, T. 2004. Tailoring Complexity Multitrophic Interactions in Simple and Diversified Habitats. PhD thesis, Wageningen University. 

Keel, C., Ddfago, G. Interactions between beneficial soil bacteria and root pathogens mechanisms and ecological impact. In, Multitrophic Interactions in Terrestrial Systems. Gange A.C., Brown, V.K. eds. Blackwell Science Ltd. London, UK, 1997 pp. 27-46. 

Oldham, N. J. and Boland, W., Chemical ecology multifunctional compounds and multitrophic interactions, Naturwissenschaften, 83, 248, 1996. 

A comparable situation to insect specialists can be found in parasitic and hemi-parasitic plants, another example of multitrophic interactions. In several instances it can be shown that the parasites can tap the xylem or phloem of their host plants and sequester the host alkaloids into their own system [2,31]. The parasites would gain chemical defense against herbivores by such a process (Table 1.4). In Osyris alba it can be shown that plants exist that can sequester the alkaloids of more than one host plant that is, pyrrolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids [32]. The situation of Lolium is even more complex [33]. If the grass Lolium temulentum is infected by an endophytic... 

Jahn, G.C. (2004). Effect of soil nutrients on the growth, survival and fecundity of insect pests of rice An overview and a theory of pest outbreaks vvith consideration of research approaches. Multitrophic interactions in Soil and Integrated Control. International Organization for Biological Control (lOBC) Bulletin, 27(1) 115-122. 

Indirect defense Chemical compounds attract natural enemies of an herbivore to locate a suitable prey after attack (also termed top-down effects or multitrophic Interactions) Indirect defense Is normally inducible and thus cost effective under a low herbivore environment. Effective only if natural enemies are within the range of spreading signals... 

Hare, J. D. (2002). Plant genetic variation in tritrophic interactions. In Multitrophic Level Interactions, eds. T. Tscharntke and B. A. Hawkins, pp. 8 13. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

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