Whitefly

Imidocloprid [105827-78-9] l-[(6-chloro-3-pytidinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imida2ohdininiine (4) (bp 137—144°C, vp 0.2 )J.Pa at 20°C) is soluble to 0.51 g/L. It is a synthetic nicotinoid with both contact and systematic activity against aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and other sucking insects. The rat LD qS are 424 male, 475 female (oral), and 5000 (dermal) mg/kg. 

Akey DH, Hennenberry TJ. 1998. Control of silverleaf whitefly with the entomopathogenic fungi, paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Beauveria bassiana in upland cotton in Arizona. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference 2 1073-1077. 

Biological Beuveria bassiana Mycotrol, Naturalis Thrips, whitefly, aphid, Colorado potato beetle, caterpillars, ants Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide... 

Botanical Pyrethrum Pyganic, Safer Whitefly, aphid, leafhopper Tomato, cucumber, apple, potato Insecticide... 

Soaps Potassium salts of fatty acids M-Pede Aphid, whitefly, mealybug, powdery mildew Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide, fungicide... 

Mayer R T, Inbar M, McKenzie C L, Shatters R and Borowicz V (2002), Multitrophic interactions of the silverleaf whitefly host plants, competing herbivores, and phytopathogens , Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 51, 151-169. 

Cuthbertson AGS, Walters KFA, Northing P, Luo W. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinemema feltiae, against sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera Aleyrodidae) under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Bull Ent Res. 2007 97 9-14. 

Pests such as aphids, whitefly, and red spider mite use needlelike mouth-parts to pieroe plant stems and suek sap, resulting in redueed vigor and growth distortions (as in aphid damage, shown here). Baeterial infeetions ean also enter the plant via the wounds. Sapsuokers oan transmit viruses, and their waste (honeydew) provides a food souroe on whioh molds thrive. 

Because some form of brassica crop can be growing at any time of year, cabbage whitefly and mealy aphids can build up in considerable numbers. It pays to remove all members of this crop family once a year—in early spring, for example—to break the cycle. 

Tfiese insects will breed all year round on greenhouse plants. They may move out into the garden in the summer, but will not survive winter outdoors. Can transmit viruses. See also Whiteflies. 

Symptoms Black or brown sootlike deposits on upper leaf surfaces and other plant parts. Plants may also be infested with sap-feeding pests such as aphids, whiteflies, scale, or mealybugs. 

Adults of this pest, Vitm (2 mm) long with white wings, fly up from plants when disturbed. Eggs laid on host plants hatch into "scales"—oval, immobile creatures found on the undersides of leaves. Both scales and adults are sap-feeders and excrete sticky honeydew, which drops onto leaves below. Sooty molds (q.v.) develop on this. A severe infestation may stunt growth. See Cabbage whitefly Greenhouse whitefly. 

Many types of soaps have been used to kill, dislodge or repel certain garden pests. They vary greatly in effectiveness and in toxicity to plants. They are frequently effective against thrips and other small, soft-bodied insects such as aphids, mealybugs and whiteflies. Their disadvantages are that they are expensive and they need to be reapplied frequently, possibly every three or four days. 

Nelson, D. R., Freeman, T. P., and Buckner, J. S. (2000). Waxes and lipids associated with the external waxy structures of nymphs and pupae of the giant whitefly, Aleurodicus dugesii. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 125,265-278. 

Insecticides Vetch aphid (Megoura viciae) bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) army worm (Spodoptera littoralis) diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata) whitefly Bemisia tabaci) red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). 

A. Too many Whitefly is a big problem for greenhouse grown plants. Aphids, slugs, caterpillars, thrips, spider mites, and scale insects can also damage your plants. Root rot and stem rot can be problems. Fungal spots can appear in leaves. It is not known which plant viruses attack Salvia divinorum but many attack other sages. 

Valdes had difficulty with insect infestations within the greenhouse. His plants suffered whitefly and Tetranychus urticae infestations, but when they were taken outside, wind and rain prevented these infestations (1). 

The parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa is very effective against whitefly. These tiny wasps are barely visible to the eye. They lay their eggs inside developing whitefly pupa, so one of their young hatches out instead of the whitefly. For aphids, try ladybugs or Aphidoletes aphidimyza (see source on page 35 for these). 

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