Inner volume

Plant cells contain a unique family of organelles, the plastids, of which the chloroplast is the prominent example. Chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope, an inner volume called the stroma, and an internal membrane system rich in thylakoid membranes, which enclose a third compartment, the thylakoid lumen. Chloroplasts are significantly larger than mitochondria. Other plastids are found in specialized structures such as fruits, flower petals, and roots and have specialized roles. 

As an example, let us consider a system, which contains a photocatalyst Ru(bipy) 3, in the inner volume of the vesicle, an electron carrier, e.g. cetylviologen (Cj V in the membrane, and... 

Catalytic testings have been performed using the same rig and a conventional fixed-bed placed in the inner volume of the tubular membrane. The catalyst for isobutane dehydrogenation [9] was a Pt-based solid and sweep gas was used as indicated in Fig. 2. For propane oxidative dehydrogenation a V-Mg-0 mixed oxide [10] was used and the membrane separates oxygen and propane (the hydrocarbon being introduced in the inner part of the reactor). 

Other types of non-micro-channel, non-micro-flow micro reactors were used for catalyst development and testing [51, 52]. A computer-based micro-reactor system was described for investigating heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase reactions [52]. The micro reactor is a Pyrex glass tube of 8 mm inner diameter and can be operated up to 500 °C and 1 bar. The reactor inner volume is 5-10 ml, the loop cycle is 0.9 ml, and the pump volume adds a further 9 ml. The reactor was used for isomerization of neopentane and n-pentane and the hydrogenolysis of isobutane, n-butane, propane, ethane, and methane at Pt with a catalyst. 

Catalyst material liAlOj (sol-gel) Device inner volume 650 mm ... 

Reaaor type Micro heat transfer module Device inner volume 2.6 10- m ... 

It has been shown, particularly for the latter reaction and for the ethylene oxide process, that micro reactors allow safe processing of otherwise hazardous oxidations [4, 26, 40, 42, 43, 84]. This is first due to the fact that the inner volume of micro reactors is small so that explosions also happen only on a micro scale . The... 

Number of micro channels 64 Active inner volume 100 mm (per plate)... 

The ID fluid discharge model has been applied to the ASTER deposition system (see Section 1.2.4). The deposition reactor has an inner volume of 10 1 and an inner diameter of 20 cm. The upper electrode is grounded (see Fig. 4a), and the powered electrode is located 2.7 cm lower. Other typical silane-hydrogen discharge parameters are summarized in Table IV. 

For a thin sample (d<0.5L), like that in Figure 2, the quotient is equal to (1+a)/ a where a equals h/(pd), the outer to inner volume ratio. Applying Equation 2 to our case in Figure 2 the steady-state exhalation rate is simply half of the free exhalation rate. 

This component consists of a housing with two fittings for the hose connections to the pressure sensor and to the lower suds container. The inner volume of the component is divided by an elastic membrane with a weight in the middle. A bore in the weight allows for the exchange of air between the chambers. Measuring of the water level is not affected because the bore always allows for pressure compensation. 

Polymer-based microreactor systems [e.g., made of poly(dimethyl-siloxane) (PDMS)], with inner volumes in the nanoliter to microliter range (Hansen et al. 2006), are relatively inexpensive and easy to produce. Many solvents used for organic transformations are not compatible with the polymers that show limited mechanical stability and low thermal conductivity. Thus the application of these reactors is mostly restricted to aqueous chemistry at atmospheric pressure and temperatures for biochemical applications (Hansen et al. 2006 Wang et al. 2006 Duan et al. 2006). 

In the trough test, the sample (only solids) is introduced in a horizontal wire mesh cage with an inner volume of 11 liters. The substance is initiated at one end of this trough by a gas burner or electrical heating source and the propagation of the deflagration front is established and noted. 

Electrophoresis in narrow bore tubes, as performed by Hjerten in 1967, provides a better heat dissipating system. He described an application using glass tubes with an internal diameter (I.D.) of +3 mm. The small volume of the narrow bore tube improves the dissipation of heat due to a lower ratio of the inner volume to the wall surface of a tube (Equation (1)). The better the heat dissipation the higher will be the separation efficiency ... 

Figure 3.29.A shows a flow-cell of 20 iL inner volume used to hold immobilized anti-mouse IgG bound to a rigid beaded support (activated Pierce trisacryl GF-2000). The cell was used to develop a two-site immunoassay for mouse IgG by consecutive injection of the sample, acridinium ester-labelled antibody and alkaline hydrogen peroxide to initiate the chemiluminescence, which started the reaction sequence shown in Fig. 3.29.B. Regenerating the sensor entailed subsequent injection of an acid solution, which resulted in a determination time of ca. 12 min (this varied as a fimction of the flow-rate used, which also determined the detection limit achieved, viz. 50 amol for an overall analysis time of 18 min) [218]. The sensor was used for at least one week with an inter-assay RSD of 5.9%. Attempts at automating the hydrodynamic system for use in routine analyses are currently under way.

Although somewhat specialized, integrated flow-cells are normally commercially available. Ideally, they should be short (0.2- 1.5 mm) and narrow-bore in order to avoid problems arising from inadequate detector capacity and sensitivity, respectively. Ideally, they should also have small inner volumes in order to boost sensitivity and sample throughput. 

Exclusion Limit This is defined as the molecular mass of the smallest molecule that cannot diffuse into the. inner volume of the gel matrix. All molecules above this limit elute rapidly in a single zone. The exclusion limit of a typical gel, Sephadex G-50, is 30,000 daltons. All solute molecules having a molecular size greater than this value would pass directly through the column bed without entering the gel pores. 

The data given in the following tables refer to a silica ampul of the size shown in Fig. 17. The inner volume of the ampuls will be between 10 and 15 ml. 

The robust, well-shielded cavity found in hemicarcerands offers tremendous scope for the use of these hosts as micro-reaction vessels in order to protect reactive species from bimolecular decomposition by isolating them from the outside medium. Furthermore, the unique intracavity environment with its fluid-like properties in which guest species are, formally, in a very condensed state at very high pressures, may well result in unique inclusion reactivity. Indeed, the inner volume of carcerands and hemicarcerands has been described as a new phase of matter distinct from solid, liquid and gas. A number of elegant demonstrations have been made of the potential of inclusion reactions, and there is clearly a great deal of scope for their use as molecular reaction vessels. 

Dried mature green conidia, which are mononucleate, were incubated in the medium for swelling of conidia for 6 h at 28°C using a rotary shaker. After incubation, the conidia became spherical and the inner volume increased. However, the mononucleate nature of Trichoderma was maintained and the diameter was unchanged (7). Such conidia, called swollen conidia, were used for the experiments. 

A solute (additive) can be located in reverse micelles in different solubilization sites in the water core, in the interfacial region or in the bulk solvent. Solubilization into the water cores increases the inner volume at constant interfacial area, resulting in radial growth. If the micelle is too small to receive a solute molecule without deformation, e.g., at low water content, a segregation occurs between small free molecules and the large objects which are covered with surfactant (Chatenay et al., 1987 Encinas and Lissi, 1986 Pileni et al., 1985). 

Ru(bpy)3+ complex placed into the inner cavity of the vesicle was used as such antenna . The lifetime of the triplet-excited state of this complex ( 0.6 ps) is sufficiently long, so that before its deactivation it can experience numerous collisions with the inner surface of the vesicle membrane and thus with the porphyrin molecules embedded into the membrane. Indeed, it was found that the introduction of Ru(bpy)2 + into the inner volume of the vesicle leads to the sixfold increase of the rate of the transmembrane PET [58, 61]. This effect results, first, from the spectral sensitization due to the light absorption by the ruthenium complex in the spectral region where porphyrin does not absorb, and, second, from the two-three fold increase of transfer from 3Ru(bpy)i+ to ZnTPPin. 

The possibility of using vesicle membranes in such a way has been demonstrated in systems of the type D + S + Ax // — // A2 (i.e. systems in which the inner volume of the vesicle contains the donor D, photosensitizer S and primary acceptor A, no special carrier is inserted into the membrane and the outer volume of the vesicle contains the ultimate acceptor A2). Systems 27 and 28 of Table 1 belong... 

In natural photosynthesis the quinones are widely used as electron carriers. Unfortunately, the low values of cpc in the reaction of quinones with 3Ru(bpy) + make the direct use of these important electron carriers rather inefficient. However, introduction of the electron carrier Rh(bpy) + into the inner volume of the vesicle in addition to photosensitizer Ru(bpy) +, provides much more efficient electron transfer from 3Ru(bpy) + to a quinone embedded into the membrane. This was found for System 25 of Table 1. 

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