Injuries defined

Source This information is compiled from Centers tor Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Explosions and blast injuries A primer for clinicians. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved June 16, 2006, from http //www.bt.cdc.gov/masstrauma/explosions.asp and Linsky, R., Miller, A (2005). Types of explosions and explosive injuries defined. In D. C. Keyes, J. L Burstein, R. B. Schwartz, and R. E. Swienton (Eds.), Medical response to terrorism Preparedness and clinical practice (pp. 198-211). New York Lippincott, Williams Wilkins. 

Lactose intolerance refers to a condition of pain, nausea, and flatulence after the ingestion of foods containing lactose, most notably dairy products. Although it is often caused by low levels of lactase, it also can be caused by intestinal injury (defined below). 

The tools available to identify and monitor drug-induced muscle injury (defined as myocyte degeneration and necrosis) both in preclinical and in clinical drug development are very limited. In preclinical studies, histopathology is the primary method used to routinely identify muscle injury. Numerous enzymatic assays have routinely been used as... 

In ANSI/RIA 15.06, the american national standard for Industrial Robots and Robot Systems-Safety Requirements, a provision requires that risk reduction measures be taken if a serious injury, defined as an injury that requires more than first aid, can be foreseen. 

Norenberg, MD, Smith, J, and Marcillo, A. 2004. The pathology of human spinal cord injury Defining the problems. /Neurotrauma 21(4) 429-440. 

Techniques for handling sodium in commercial-scale appHcations have improved (5,23,98,101,102). Contamination by sodium oxide is kept at a minimum by completely welded constmction and inert gas-pressured transfers. Residual oxide is removed by cold traps or micrometallic filters. Special mechanical pumps or leak-free electromagnetic pumps and meters work well with clean Hquid sodium. Corrosion of stainless or carbon steel equipment is minimi2ed by keeping the oxide content low. The 8-h TWA PEL and ceiling TLV for sodium or sodium oxide or hydroxide smoke exposure is 2 mg/m. There is no defined AID for pure sodium, as even the smallest quantity ingested could potentially cause fatal injury. 

Depending on the circumstances of exposure, any given material may produce more than one type of toxic effect. Therefore, when describing toxicity for a particular material, it is necessary to define whether the effect is local, systemic, or mixed the nature of the injury the organs and tissues affected and the conditions of exposure, including route of exposure, number of exposures, and magnitude of exposure. 

The biological response to chemical insult may take numerous forms, depending on the physicochemical properties of the material and the conditions of exposure. Listed below are some of the more significant and frequendy encountered types of injury or toxic response they may be defined in terms of tissue pathology, altered or aberrant biochemical processes, or extreme physiological responses. 

Ha2ard is the likelihood that the known toxicity of a material will be exhibited under specific conditions of use. It follows that the toxicity of a material, ie, its potential to produce injury, is but one of many considerations to be taken into account in assessment procedures with respect to defining ha2ard. The following are equally important factors that need to be considered physicochemical properties of the material use pattern of the material and characteristics of the environment where the material is handled source of exposure, normal and accidental control measures used to regulate exposure the duration, magnitude, and frequency of exposure route of exposure and physical nature of exposure conditions, eg, gas, aerosol, or Hquid population exposed and variabiUty in exposure conditions and experience with exposed human populations. 

There are differences in terminology on the meaning of risk in the pubhshed literature that can lead to confusion. Risk has been defined in various ways (CPQRA, 1989, pp. 3, 4). In this edition of the handbook, risk is defined as A measure of economic loss or injuiy in terms of both the incident likehhood and magnitude of loss or injury. Risk imphes a probability of something occurring. 

A method for graphically displaying individual risk results is use of the risk contour, or risk isopleth. If individual risk is defined as the likelihood of someone suffering a specified injury or loss, then individual risk can be calculated at particular geographic locations around the vicinity of a facility or operation. If the individual risk is calculated at many points surrounding the facility, then points of equal risk can be connected to... 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture makes a distinction between air pollution damage and air pollution injury. Injury is considered to be any observable alteration in the plant when exposed to air pollution. Damage is defined as an economic or aesthetic loss due to interference with the intended use of a plant. This distinction indicates that injury by air pollution does not necessarily result in damage because any given injury may not prevent the plant from being used as intended, e.g., marketed. 

The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) defines PSM as "The application of management systems to the identification, understanding, and control of process hazards to prevent process-related injuries and incidents."... 

Each of these criteria represents a level at which injuries can occur. In addition, some other criteria may be appropriate, for example where existing hazard calculations are in use, corporate policy defines different standards, or local regulation sets criteria. 

Major and minor type failures are treated. Minor failures are defined as those which cause (or would have caused) an unscheduled shutdown of equipment for a period of less than 24 hours. A major failure is defined as any failure which results in an unscheduled shutdown for a period tif greater than 24 hours. Safety-related failures were defined as failures which resulted either in a fire, injury, loss of life, or a large lea)c of liquid or gas. To qualify as a safety-related failure, the liquid or gas release had to be large enough to have the potential to injure or have injured plant personnel, or have been severe enough to propagate beyond the immediate area. 

Tlie reader should also note that tlie risk to people can be defined in terms of injury or fatality. The use of injuries as a basis of risk evaluation may be less disturbing tlian tlie use of fatalities. However, tliis introduces problems associated with degree of injury and comparability between different types of injuries. Further complications am arise in a risk assessment when dealing witli multiple hazards. For example, how are second-degree bums, fragment injuries, and injuries due to toxic gas e.xposure combined Even where only one type of effect (e.g., tlueshold to.xic exposure) is being evaluated, different durations of e.xposure can markedly affect tlie severity of injury. 

Risk is defined as tlie product of two factors (1) tlie probability of an undesirable event and (2) tlie measured consequences of the undesirable event. Measured consequences may be stated in terms of financial loss, injuries, deatlis, or Ollier variables. Failure represents an inability to perform some required function. Reliability is the probability that a system or one of its components will perform its intended function mider certain conditions for a specified period. Tlie reliability of a system and its probability of failure are complementary in tlie sense tliat the sum of these two probabilities is unity. This cluipler considers basic concepts and llieorenis of probability tliat find application in tlie estimation of risk and reliability. 

New tubing is delivered free of injurious defects as defined in API Standard 5A, SAC and SAX, and within the practical limits of the inspection procedures therein prescribed. Some users have found that, for a limited number of critical well applications, these procedures do not result in casing sufficiently free of defects to meet their needs for such critical applications. Various nondestructive inspection services have been employed by users to assure that the desired quality of tubing is being run. In view of this practice, it is suggested that the individual user ... 

Epilepsy may be defined as a permanent, recurrent seizure disorder. Examples of the known causes of epilepsy include brain injury at birth, head injuries, and inborn errors of metabolism, hi some patients, the cause of epilepsy is never determined. 

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