RISK-REDUCTION MEASURES

A common aspect of any fire protection strategy is defining how hazards are managed and describing the order of priority for managing those fire hazards. Table 6-5 identifies the priority of how hazards should be managed. 

A systematic process should be used to eliminate or minimize hazards  

Measures to reduce the impact of fire include active and passive systems. Active systems include automatic sprinkler, water deluge, water mist, gaseous agent, dry chemical, foam, and standpipe handle systems. Passive protection is provided by fire resistive construction, including spray-applied or cementitious fireproofing of steel, concrete/masonry construction, and water-filled steel columns. Chapter 7 provides details on the design of fire protection systems. 

The CMPT Handbook notes that fully spray-protected steel plates and beams can be expected to survive pool fires, but rapid failure will still occur for jet fires (Spouge, 1999). The SINTEF Handbook notes that there are no commonly accepted formulations or correlations quantitatively describing the interaction between water spray and fires (SINTEF, 1997). 

Care must be taken in attempting to correlate the results between standard time-temperature data and corresponding protection with a hydrocarbon expo- 

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In the first step, a screening process will be applied to separate the major potential hazards these will be addressed in more detail. QRA techniques are used to evaluate the extent of the risk arising from hazards with the potential to cause major accidents, based on the prediction of the likelihood and magnitude of the event. This assessment will be based on engineering judgement and statistics of previous performance. Where necessary, risk reduction measures will be applied until the level of risk is acceptable. This of course is an emotive subject, since it implies placing a value on human life. 

VIEW is the quantification module. All minimal cutsets are stored in the speciiic libraries for the fault trees, supercomponents and sequences. VIEW recalculates the point estimates. It computes and displays the Fussel-Vesely importance, risk increase and risk reduction measures. 

Evaluate whether it is acceptability with risk reduction measures, or move the facility to a recently refurbished LPG storage facility. 

Table 11.4-2 shows risk reduction measures and their impact on public risk, their cost, and the cost per death averted. From this table, with the exception of the last one (because of high cost), the measures are practical for implementation. 

After the implementation of all risk-reduction measures, the public risk is nbt acceptable (Denmark criteria), mainly due to low frequen-cies/high consequences (highly populated area). After these... 

Because the risks were not reduced by the risk-reduction measures to an acceptable level, relocation of the butane storage to the refurbished LPG facility is attractive. 

KemI (2000) Organotin stabilisers in PVC — Assessment of risks and proposals for risk reduction measures. Stockholm, National Chemicals Inspectorate (Report No. 6/00). 

As a practical matter, risk reduction should always be considered before proceeding with QRA. If the cost of proposed risk-reduction measures is high, a detailed QRA may be justified. In this event, various risk-reduction options can be evaluated to determine which options produce the greatest benefit at the lowest cost. Additional guidance on risk-based decision making is available in the CCPS s Tools for Making Acute Risk Decisions with Chemical Process Apphcations (Ref. 77). 

This section discusses some of the measures available for reducing risk to process plant building occupants. Determining which actions to take is an iterative process. Proposed risk-reduction measures should be evaluated to confirm feasibility and to determine that risk will be sufficiently reduced. 

Mitigative risk-reduction measures include system designs or procedures that help limit the magnitude or severity of an event. Examples are ... 

Buildings for which risk is intolerably high are candidates for risk reduction. Risk-reduction measures fall into three categories ... 

Some examples of preventive risk-reduction measures include ... 

Because of comorbidity with diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and stroke, the presence of increased serum uric acid levels or gout should prompt evaluation for cardiovascular disease and the need for appropriate risk reduction measures. Clinicians should also look for possible correctable causes of hyperuricemia (e.g., medications, obesity, and alcohol abuse). 

Individual and societal risks are different presentations of the same underlying combinations of incident frequency and consequences. Both of these measures may be of importance in assessing the benefits of risk reduction measures or in judging the acceptability of a facility in absolute terms. In general, it is impossible to derive one from the other. The underlying frequency and consequence information are the same, but individual and societal risk estimates can only be calculated directly from that basic data. A high societal risk does not necessarily mean any one person has a high individual risk and vise-versa. These are two very different criteria and should be treated separately. 

Examining possible risk reduction measures to (a) reduce potential consequences, (b) reduce probability of occurrence, (c) improve the initial detection, diagnosis, alert, and alarm systems, (d) improve emergency response, (e) eliminate the hazard... 

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