Fragment injuries

Tlie reader should also note that tlie risk to people can be defined in terms of injury or fatality. The use of injuries as a basis of risk evaluation may be less disturbing tlian tlie use of fatalities. However, tliis introduces problems associated with degree of injury and comparability between different types of injuries. Further complications am arise in a risk assessment when dealing witli multiple hazards. For example, how are second-degree bums, fragment injuries, and injuries due to toxic gas e.xposure combined Even where only one type of effect (e.g., tlueshold to.xic exposure) is being evaluated, different durations of e.xposure can markedly affect tlie severity of injury. 

Bare charges, e.g. booby traps Small improvised devices (<10 kg) detonated by wire or rodio device Primary blast and characteristically fragment injuries... 

Lorry or van bombs Lorge devices (>40 kg) Lorge secondary missi es ore formed Fragmentation injuries, tertiary injuries and crush from building collapse... 

Fragmentation injuries to the eye can be either blunt or penetrating. Penetrating injury results in varying degrees of damage to the intraocular structures, with either an intra-ocular foreign body or further... 

There is very little in the published literature about specific genitourinary injuries, although clearly the external genitalia (in men) are at risk of burns and fragment injury and the internal genitalia are at risk of penetrating injury. 

Fragments flying in all directions caused the deaths of four persons. Within an area of 150 m (500 ft) around the tank yard, many people were injured. Among them were fifteen who suffered from serious injury by freezing and the impact of fragments. 

A BLEVE can produce fragments that fly away rapidly from the explosion source. These primary fragments, which are part of the original vessel wall, are hazardous and may result in damage to structures and injuries to people. Primary missile effects are determined by the number, shape, velocity, and trajectory of fragments. 

All parameters of interest with respect to fragmentation will be discussed. The extent of damage or injury caused by these fragments is, however, not covered in this volume. (Parameters of the terminal phase include first, fragment density and velocity at impact, and second, resistance of people and structures to fragments.)... 

H19. Henson, P. M Larsen, G. L., Webster, R. O., Mitchell, B. C., Goins, A. J., and Henson, J., Pulmonary microvascular alterations and injury induced by complement fragments Synergistic ef-... 

Nogo-A. Treatment with IN-1 promoted axonal regeneration and behavioral recovery in rats after thoracic spinal cord injury. These exciting results have since been confirmed using local intrathecal pump infusions of recombinant IN-1 Fab fragments or novel anti-Nogo-A antibodies [9]. 

Based on Figure 6-26, this explosion could project blast fragments a maximum distance of 6000 ft, resulting in probable injuries and damage as a result of blast fragments. 

A short time later, as the fitters were carrying out the tests, the float ruptured violently. Fortunately, there was no fragmentation of the metal, and the two fitters escaped injury. 

Historically, ordinary glass windows are not adequate for blast overpressures as low as 0.2 psi (1.4 kPa). Many injuries in explosion accidents result from glass fragments. Therefore, the use of windows should be discouraged. 

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