Injection pump

Imposing a minimum density is justified by the need to obtain sufficient maximum power for the engine, by means of an injection pump whose flow is controlled by regulating the volume. 

This property should also be within precise limits. In fact, a too-viscous fuel increases pressure drop in the pump and injectors which then tends to diminish the injection pressure and the degree of atomization as well as affecting the process of combustion. Inversely, insufficient viscosity can cause seizing of the Injection pump. 

For a long time the official specifications for diesel fuel set only a mciximum viscosity of 9.5 mm /s at 20°C. Henceforth, a range of 2.5 mm /s minimum to 4.5 mm /s maximum has been set no longer for 20°C but at 40°C which seems to be more representative of injection pump operation. Except for special cases such as very low temperature very fluid diesel fuel and very heavy products, meeting the viscosity standards is not a major problem in refining. 

It is noteworthy, however, that traces of sulfur can have beneficial effects on the anti-wear resistance of fuel injection pumps. It is thus undesirable to reduce the sulfur content to extremely low values unless additives having lubricating qualities are added. Independently from total sulfur content, the presence of mercaptans that are particularly aggressive towards certain metal or synthetic parts is strictly controlled. The mercaptan content is thereby limited to 0.002% (20 ppm) maximum. The analysis is performed chemically in accordance to the NF M 07-022 or ASTM D 3227 procedures. 

Addition of surfactant to the injection water (14,15) can displace the oil remaining near the well. The lower oil saturation results in an increase in the water relative permeabihty (5). Therefore, a greater water injection rate may be maintained at a given injection pressure. Whereas ultimate oil recovery may not be increased, the higher water injection rate can increase oil production rates improving oil recovery economics. Alternatively, a lower injection pressure can be used. Thus smaller and cheaper injection pumps may be used to maintain a given injection rate. The concentration of surfactant in the injection... 

Moral Add antifoam slowly with an injection pump. 

The safety improvements use redundancy and diversity to prevent and mitigate lents. The safety injection system (SIS) and emergency feedwater system (EFWS) are dedicated four train systems. Containment spray and safety injection pumps take water from the in-containment water storage tank (IRWST), thus, eliminating the need to switch from an external source and provide a. semi-closed system with continuous recirculation. Emergency core coolant flows direc nto the... 

The mist pump should inject water at a rate of about 12 bbl/hr the foam injection pump should inject about 3 gal/hr of surfactant this binds fluid and air together for more efficient aeration. 

After the hole has been unloaded, keep mist and foam injection pumps in operation to clean the hole of sloughing formations, providing a mist of 1.5 barrels of water per hour per inch of hole diameter and 0.5 to 4 gal of surfactant per hour, respectively. 

Other motors and prime movers may be present - conveyors, lifts, fork-lift trucks, stirrers, injection pumps, packaging machines, etc. The gross power input to these machines may be read from their nameplates or found from the manufacturers. 

The ACTIV-OX system minimises potential hazards as there is no storage of concentrated chlorine dioxide solutions and failure of either of the injection pumps or loss of water flow results in no chlorine dioxide production. 

The distance between the injection-pumping wells should be such that approximately six injection-pumping cycles can be completed within a six-month period. 

Clear-waste tank. An unlined steel clear-waste tank is typically used to hold clarified waste before injection. The tank is equipped with a float switch designed to start and stop the injection pump at predetermined levels. 

Injection pump. An injection pump is used to force the waste into the injection zone, although in very porous formations, such as cavernous limestone, the hydrostatic pressure of the waste column in the well is sufficient. The type of pump is determined primarily by the well-head pressures required, the volume of liquid to be injected, and the corrosiveness of the waste. Single-stage centrifugal pumps are used in systems that require well-head pressures up to about 10.5 kg/cm2 (150 psi), and multiplex piston pumps are used to achieve higher injection pressures. 

Hydrogen peroxide system including a hydrogen peroxide source, storage, metering, and injection pump. 

A maintenance and inspection program should be developed for the injection pump filter pots. 

Deep well disposal involves injecting liquid wastes into a porous subsurface stratum that contains noncommercial brines [57]. The wastewaters are stored in sealed subsurface strata isolated from groundwater or mineral resources. Disposal wells may vary in depth from a few hundred feet (100 m) to 15,000 ft (4570 m), with capacities ranging from less than 10 to more than 2000 gpm. The disposal system consists of the well with high-pressure injection pumps and pretreatment equipment necessary to prepare the waste for suitable disposal into the well. 

Lacey P, Lestz S. 1991. Failure analysis of fuel injection pumps from generator sets fueled with Jet A-1. Southwest Research Int San Antonio, TX. Belvoir Fuels and Lubricants Research Facility. 

Distortion of Diesel Fuel Injection Pump Parts... 

If a diesel fuel is low in viscosity due to kerosene dilution or solvent dilution, its lubricity is probably poor. The possibility of wear of the high-pressure fuel injection pump parts will increase. The effect of kerosene dilution on the lubricity of a typical low sulfur diesel fuel is shown in FIGURE 5-2. 

Lubricity is a term used to describe the ability of a fluid to minimize friction between, and damage to, surfaces in relative motion under load. Fuel helps to lubricate and prevent wear of high-pressure fuel injection pump components, especially under boundary lubrication conditions. Boundary lubrication is defined as a condition whereby friction and wear between two surfaces in relative motion are determined by the properties of the surfaces and the bulk properties of the contacting fluid. The bulk viscosity of the fuel or oil is not a critical factor under boundary lubrication conditions. 

A fatty acid based corrosion inhibitor can form a tenacious film on the metal surfaces of a fuel injection pump. The tight tolerances in high-pressure injection pumps require very little fluid film for proper lubrication. 

In recent years, the concern over fuel lubricity has led to the use of a high concentration of corrosion inhibitors to improve diesel fuel lubricity performance. The film formed on the metal surface by fatty acid type corrosion inhibitors improves fuel lubricity. However, the result of this overtreatment may lead to sticking of injection pump parts. 

A typical fuel injection system is composed of the following components fuel tank, injection pump, mechanical or electronic governor, timing device, fuel supply pump, high-pressure fuel injection lines, and fuel injectors. The high-pressure fuel injection pump is the core of the fuel injection system. The in-line pump and distributor pump are the most common in fuel systems. 

High-pressure diesel fuel pumps are not tolerant of dirt, debris, and organic deposits and can be seriously damaged by fuel contaminants. The barrel and plunger clearance is within a 1 to 2 micron tolerance. This tolerance is necessary to ensure that fuel injection pressures are maintained with minimal leakage past the plunger shaft. For this reason, thorough and complete filtration of fuel is required before the fuel reaches the injection pump. 

Standard in-line fuel injection pumps are driven by a camshaft following the speed of the engine. For 2-cycle engines, the camshaft speed is identical to the crankshaft rpm. For 4-cycle engines, the camshaft speed is one-half of the crankshaft rpm. The in-line injection pump parts, such as the camshaft and tappets, are lubricated by the engine oil. 

At excessively low temperatures, highly viscous fuel may inadequately fill the pumping chamber of distributor-type fuel injection pumps. Poor fuel distribution and engine operation can result. 

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