Fatty acids types

Trade name Fatty acid Type Cone, wt % Functions Manufacturer... 

A number of studies have been conducted [1,2] in which different fatty acid modifications were examined. High selectivity and high calcite-dolomite recoveries were obtained with emulsified fatty acid with soda ash and sodium silicate. Table 22.2 shows the results from calcite/dolomite flotation using different fatty acid type collectors and various modifications. 

A polyketide/fatty acid-type metabolic route using three propionate units has been shown by stable isotope-labeled probes and MS to the biosynthetic route towards the production of the insect pheromone (Sl-d-methyl-d-heptanone in the ant Harpegnathos saltator. 

Types I and V are not shown. Type I is a rare elevation of chylomicrons treatable only by diet (removing long chained fatty acids). Type V involves elevation of both chylomicrons and VLDL and can be viewed as an extreme type IV. 

A Dimerized Fatty Acid Type Corrosion Inhibitor... 

In recent years, the concern over fuel lubricity has led to the use of a high concentration of corrosion inhibitors to improve diesel fuel lubricity performance. The film formed on the metal surface by fatty acid type corrosion inhibitors improves fuel lubricity. However, the result of this overtreatment may lead to sticking of injection pump parts. 

Lipases can be classified into groups that reflect their specificity. The common lipases include non-specific lipases that do not discriminate between the position or the type of the fatty acid on the triacylglycerol (e.g., lipase from Candida cylindracea) and 1,3-specific lipases that act only at the sn-l and sn-3 positions of the triacylglycerol (e.g., lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus species). In addition, some lipases are specific for a specific fatty acid type (e.g., lipase from Geotrichum candidum). 

Figure 3.1. Cetane number, fatty acid type, and melting point of FAME (U. S. Department of Energy, 2004).

HLB values from 4.8 to 19.3 Three fatty acid types... 

Austin MB, Saito T, Bowman ME, Haydock S, Kato A, Moore BS, Kay RR, Noel JP. Biosynthesis of Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation-inducing factor by a hybrid type I fatty acid-type 111 polyketide synthase. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2006 2 494-502. 

TABLE 3. Vegetable Oils by Fatty Acid Type. 

Figure 2 illustrates diversity in the fatty acid types and compositions of the TAG. The mono-acid and mixed-acid TAG are defined, respectively, on whether the fatty acid chains are of the same fatty acid molecules or not. Even for the monoacid TAG, the diversity maintains in chainlength and parity (odd or even numbers of carbon atoms) of the fatty acids, the number and position of the double bond and the conformation of the double bond, cis or trans, etc. As for the mixed-acid TAG, polymorphic diversity is superimposed over that of the mono-acid TAG in the form of sn (stereo-specific numbered) position. 

Fatty acid type Example Major sources Major or potential uses Approximate U.S. market size, 10 ... 

Figure 2.2.2 Typical packing of fatty acid type molecules in crystals and in surface monolayers seen from the top (see Sec. 2.6).

FIGURE 3.1 Generic structures of various fatty acid types (a) wo-branched, (b) anteiso-branched, (c) tra -monounsaturated, (d) cw-monounsaturated, (e) cyclopropane, and (f) hydroxylated. 

Chem. Descrip. Long oil alkyd, tall oil fatty acid type, in mineral spirits Uses Alkyd for coatings... 

Chem. Descrip. Water-reduced alkyd (mixed fatty acids type) in butyl Cellosolve/s-butyl alcohol... 

The activity coefficient is usually determined experimentally and is dependent on fatty acid type and concentration. It can also be calculated from an equation by Wilson (1964) as exampled by Stage et al. (1979) who produced a curve showing that for mixtures of stearic acid and tristearin containing up to 5% of the acid the activity coefficient lies between 0.63 and 0.65. 

Epoxy fatty acids also are found as components of triglycerides of the seed oils (Smith, 1970). This unusual fatty acid type is sporadically distributed in species of several taxo-nomically unrelated plant families. Z-12,13-Epoxyoleic acid (vemolic acid) (39) (Fig. 2.15) is biosynthesized from linoleic acid in the seeds of Xemnthemum anmum and Euphorbia lagascae (Hitchcock and Nichols, 1971). This compound and Z-9,10-epoxy stearate are synthesized by the introduction of oxygen from O2 across the double bonds of linoleic and oleic acids, respectively (Butt and Lamb, 1981 Morris, 1970). The biosynthesis of epoxy fatty acids is related to that of dihydroxy fatty acids, and epoxy fatty acids may serve as precursors for the latter type of compound. 

Specific methods for the analysis of individual lipid classes or fatty acid types by glc will be found in Ackman (1963), Christie (1973), Gunstone (1975), James (1%0), Jamieson (1970), and Kates (1972). 

Insertion of the C5,6 double bond (A -> A ) involves removal of the 5a (ex 4-pro-R H of MVA) and 6a (ex 5-pro-S H of MVA) hydrogens. In rat liver and yeast microsomal preparations the reaction requires aerobic conditions and NADH or NADPH and both of the eliminated hydrogens are found in HjO. This suggests a mechanism in which hydroxyla-tion at CS or C6 is followed by dehydration across these two carbons or, alternatively, a fatty acid-type desaturation. There is evidence of the former in yeast, whereas the latter seems more likely in rat liver where the multienzyme complex catalysing it consists of the A -desaturase itself, cytochrome and an NAD(P)H-dependent flavoprotein the A -desaturase is a monooxygenase whieh uses electrons derived from NAD(P)H, via the flavoprotein and cytochrome i>5, and O2 to effect the removal of the two hydrogens from the sterol. 

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