Antigen injection

Administer the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl, adults 25-50 mg children 1-2 mg/kg) usually given parenterally. Apply tourniquet proximal to site of antigen injection remove every 10-15 minutes. 

If anaphylaxis is caused by an injection, administer aqueous epinephrine 1 1,000 into site of antigen injection 0.15-0.3 mL into the injection site. 

Kara Y, Caspi RR, Wiggert B, Dorf M, Streilein JW Analysis of an in vitro-generated signal that induces systemic immune deviation similar to that elicited by antigen injected into the anterior chamber of the eye. J Immunol 1992 149 1531-1538. 

Type IV Cell-mediated allergy is the mechanism involved in allergic contact dermatitis from topically applied drugs or induration of the skin at the site of an antigen injected intradermally. 

To produce monoclonal antibodies, the first antigen injection in mice is followed a few weeks later by a booster of the same antigen. When polyclonal antibodies are detected in the serum of mice a few days after the booster injection,... 

Very high levels of antigen frequently favor the development of tolerance, whereas intermediate levels of antigen favor the development of an immune response. (3) Frequently, the route of antigen administration is critical in the development of tolerance. An intravenously injected antigen is more likely to promote a tolerant condition than antigen injected subcutaneously. 

Thaiss et al. (1989) evaluated the effect of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A on an active model of in situ immune complex glomerulonephritis. Wistar rats were preimmunized with human IgG and 2weeks after the last antigen injection, the left kidney was perfused with cationized human IgG in order to induce unilateral in situ immune complex glomerulonephritis. 

Specific immune therapy ( hyposensitization ) with intracutaneous antigen injections is intended to shift TH cells in the direction ofTH,. 

Immunization procedures vary and are dependent on type of antigen to be used, duration of immunization process, and the amounts of immune product needed. The antigen suspension may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. The amount of antigen injected can range from 1 to 200 mg. The quantity is determined by the availability of and the potency of the antigen. The time schedule also varies. Protocols for the three types of immunizations used to produce anti-carbohydrate antibodies are recorded in the following. 

An antigen injected into a test animal elicits an immune response by binding to determinant specific receptor sites on two types of small lymphocytes denoted B and T. These receptor sites have been shown to be immunoglobulins integrated into the lymphocyte cell membrane, which accounts for their determinant specificity. A few characteristics of B and T lymphocytes are listed in Table 8-2, but their ontogeny, function, and interactions are immensely more complex than such a casual description... 

Antigen Injected (mg) Average Intrinsic Association Constants for Binding of c-DNP-Lysine to Anti-DNP Antibodies ... 

Four weeks prior to injection of antigen into the rabbit, bleed the animal and process the blood as described earlier in this chapter. Repeat this procedure twice at 7 day intervals. This allows 14 days between the last bleeding and antigen injection. 

Procedures for preparation of the immunizing antigen, injection schedules, and assays for antibody formation are similar to those used for helical polynucleotide-MBSA antigens and are discussed in detail in the following section and in Vol. 12B [174] of this series. 

Apply tourniquet proximal to site of antigen injection remove every 10-15 min. 

Administer aqueous epinephrine 1 1000 into site of antigen injection 0.1 5-0.25 ml subcutaneously in adults and 0.005 mL/kg subcutaneously in children. 

Splenic T-cells were cultured in vitro with antibody T-cell receptor T cells from JP-8-exposed mice had reduced proliferative response T-cell-dependent antibody responses to KLH antigen injected in Freund s adjuvant were not altered by exposure to JP-8... 

Loiselem showed that a,a-trehalose is a true antigen. Injection of animals with a,a-trehalose produces antibodies which are incomplete and devoid of precipitating power, but, none-the-less, very specific. Sera produced in this way are able to distinguish between sucrose and a,a-trehalose a viscosity test is used. 

Polyclonal antibodies are the serum product of an immunized animal containing many different antibodies against the various mixtures of antigens injected. The antiserum is the product of many responding clones of cells and is usually heterogeneous at all levels. These levels include the specificity of the antibodies, classes and subclasses, titer, and affinity. The response to individual epitopes may be clonally diverse, and antibodies of different affinities may compete for the same epitope. This variation means that polyclonal antisera cannot be reproduced see Fig. 3). 

For the antigen injection, the experimenter has a choice among intramuscular (im), intra-dermal (id), subcutaneous (sc), intravenous (iv), or intraperitoneal (ip) injection. In bigger animals, with some anatomical knowledge, injection into the lymph nodes is also possible. The id injection requires skill, but it is said to give a better immune response. In addition, it provides for a longer depot effect. Chopped-up gel pieces cannot be injected intradermally and mouse skin is too thin for id injections. 

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