Inhibitory factors

A number of adipokines are linked to inflammation and immunity (Fig. 1). This includes both leptin and adiponectin, and also a number of other key inflammatory proteins, particularly cytokines and chemokines [1]. The cytokines and chemokines encompass interleukin-1(3 (EL-1 (3), IL-6, DL-10, TNFa, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Other major inflammation-related adipokines include nerve growth factor (NGF), and acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. In addition, adipocytes secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is an important thrombotic factor as well as an acute phase protein. 

Somatostatin SOM SST14 SST28 Somatotropin release inhibitory factor (SRIF) Growth hormone release-inhibiting factor... 

A major clue leading to the identity of the second receptor was provided by the landmark studies aimed at identifying soluble inhibitory factors produced by CD8-I-T cells (Cocchi et al. 1995). These studies identified the chemokines CCL5 (regulated... 

A macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) which encourages the maerophages to remain in the area. 

DA antagonists are anti-emetic, elevate plasma prolactin and have major motor and behavioural effects. Thus DA must be involved in the initiation of vomiting, the secretion of prolactin and control of motor and behavioural activity. Its role in emesis and as the prolactin release inhibitory factor have been adequately covered above. Its motor and behavioural function will now be considered. 

EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid EpDIF Epithelial-derived inhibitory factor also known as epithelium/derived relaxant fector EPO Eosinophil peroxidase EPOR Erythropoietin receptor EPR Effector cell protease EPX Eosinophil protein X ER Endoplasmic reticulum ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography E-selectin Endothelial selectin formerly known as endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1)... 

Around 99% of calcium is contained in the bones, whereas the other 1% resides in the extracellular fluid. Of this extracellular calcium, approximately 40% is bound to albumin, and the remainder is in the ionized, physiologically active form. Normal calcium levels are maintained by three primary factors parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and calcitonin. Parathyroid hormone increases renal tubular calcium resorption and promotes bone resorption. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, regulates absorption of calcium from the GI tract. Calcitonin serves as an inhibitory factor by suppressing osteoclast activity and stimulating calcium deposition into the bones. 

Matsui, Y Toksoz, D., Nishikawa, S., Nishikawa, S-I., Williams, D Zsebo, K., and Hogan, B. L. M. (1991). Effect of Steel factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor on murine primordial germ cells in culture. Nature 353 750-752. 

FIGURE 27-3 Neurotrophic cytokines and their receptors. Neurotrophic cytokines are related to IL6 and bind to cell surface receptor complexes that share a common structural organization. The four ligands interchangeably employ two distinct receptor subunits, leukemia inhibitory factor receptor 3 (LIF-Rpt) andgpl30, and some employ a ligand-specific a subunit. CNTF-R, ciliary neurotrophic factor CT-fR.cardiotrophin 1 receptor IL6-R, interleukin-6 receptor. 

Apoptotic death of oligodendrocytes Slow removal of injured axons, myelin sheaths and persistence of some myelin inhibitory factors No new myelin reforming... 

LIF leukemia inhibitory factor NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,... 

Inhibit prolactin inhibitory factor, thereby increasing prolactin levels Suppress testosterone-mediated stimulation of libido... 

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is produced mainly by activated monocytes-macropha-ges, and its principal action is to stimulate thymocytes. A pleiotropic cytokine, IL-1 induces the expression of a large diversity of cytokines such as IL-6, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and other proinflammatory molecules (Di-marello 1994). IL-1 and TNF-a carry out as part of their function increasing the expression of NF-/cB and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). The importance of IL-1 in OCS is demonstrated because the IL-1-receptor-deficient mouse is resistant to ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss (Lorenzo et al. 1998). The importance in pathological bone loss is also illustrated by the fact that treatment with IL-1 receptor antagonist slows down bone erosion for patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis (Kwan et al. 2004). IL-1 increases osteoclast differentiation rather than mature osteoclast activity, and infusion of IL-1 into mice induces hypercalcemia and bone resorption. Finally, IL-1 and TNF-a... 

Identity of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) a mechanism by which OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Endocrinology 139 1329-1337... 

Palmqvist P, Persson E, Conaway HH, Lerner UH (2002) IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M stimulate bone resorption and regulate the expression of receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of NF-kappa B in mouse calvariae. J Immunol 169 3353-3362... 

Murakami T, Yamamoto M, Ono K, Nishikawa M, Nagata N, Motoyoshi K, Akatsu T (1998) Transforming growth factor-betal increases mRNA levels of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor in osteoblastic/stromal cells and inhibits the survival of murine osteoclast-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 252 747-752... 

Suzuki, M., et al., Xenopus laevis macrophage migration inhibitory factor is essential for axis formation and neural development, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 21406, 2004. 

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