Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH

NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form... 

Most asymmetric reductions that can be enzymatically effected have been the reactions of ketones. These reactions can be conducted with whole cells as well as with isolated enzymes. In the latter case, of course, at least one equivalent of a cofactor such as NADH or NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is required to serve as the actual reductant in the reaction system. 

Endogenous NO is produced almost exclusively by L-arginine catabolism to L-citrul-line in a reaction catalyzed by a family of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) [3]. In the first step, Arg is hydroxylated to an enzyme-bound intermediate "-hydroxy-1.-arginine (NHA), and 1 mol of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form) and O2 are consumed. In the second step, N H A is oxidized to citrulline and NO, with consumption of 0.5 mol of NADPH and 1 mol of 02 (Scheme 1.1). Oxygen activation in both steps is carried out by the enzyme-bound heme, which derives electrons from NADPH. Mammalian NOS consists of an N-terminal oxy-... 

FIGURE 1.4 Proposed biosynthetic route for the biosynthesis of (A) squalene oxide (squalene-2,3-oxide) via the isoprenoid pathway and (B) triterpene saponins of the dammarane-type and oleanane-type from squalene oxide. PP, diphosphate group GPS, geranyl phosphate synthase FPS, farnesyl phosphate synthase NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. 

NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), 610, 643, 659 Nation membrane, hydrogen peroxide... 

Metabolism of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS). Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are inhibited by fomepizole and disulfiram, respectively. NAD +, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. 

The plant can also use the pentose phosphate pathway to break down glucose, but the main purpose of this pathway is the generation of reducing power in the form of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide... 

NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide TBP TATA box-binding protein... 

Figure 5.3 Outline of the mevalonate pathway for the formation of C5 isoprenoid units. Most research has focused on HMC-CoA reductase (HMCR), the rate-determining step in terpenoid biosynthesis in mammals. P indicates a phosphate moiety. HMC-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) SCoA, S-Coenzyme A (to which acetate is attached) CoASH, free coenzyme A.

L-NAME N-nitro-I-arginine methyl ester NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos-... 

More valuable information on nucleic acids has been obtained from pyrolysis data when it was possible to evaluate the nature and abundance of the purine/pyrimidine bases. The information on these bases is important for monitoring in vitro DNA synthesis [5,6], for the evaluation of chromosome modifications [7], and for the study of complex formation of DNA with cisplatin [11,12]. As indicated previously, the DIP technique was reported to be more useful for detecting the base component of the nucleic acid. However, some information on the bases can be obtained also by Curie point Py-MS, as it can be seen from the spectrum of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) shown in Figure 13.2.3. The spectrum was obtained in similar conditions as spectra for DNA and RNA shown previously [8]. 

Reduction and dehydration. The ketone carbonyl group in acetoacetyl ACP is next reduced to an alcohol by NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), a reducing coenzyme closely related to NADH. Subsequent dehydration of the resulting /3-hydroxy thiol ester (E2 reaction) in step 7 yields crotonyl ACP, and the carbon-carbon double bond of crotonyl ACP is further reduced by NADPH in step 8 to yield butyryl ACP. 

Fig. 6.2.1. Regulation of assimilatory sulfate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (Cherest et al., 1969 Siegel, 1975 de Vito and Dreyfuss, 1964). Abbreviations as follows ADP adenosine 5 -diphosphate AMP adenosine 5 -phosphate (adenylic acid) APS adenylyl sulphate ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate NADP, NADPH nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidised and reduced) PAP adenosine 3, 5 -diphos-phate PAPS 3 -phosphoadenylyl sulphate Pj orthophosphate ion PPj pyrophosphate ion.

There are two pathways degrading glucose to pyruvate i.e., the Embden-Meyerhof(EM) pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff(ED) pathway. By the EM pathway, 2 mol of NADH are produced while 1 mol each of NADH and NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate, reduced form) is produced by the ED pathway as follows. 

Fig. 1.7 Summary of the chemical processes involved in oxygenic photosynthesis. Net inputs are shown in circles and products in rectangles.ADP/ATP = adenosine di/triphosphate NADP/NADPH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and its reduced form, respectively.

Abbreviations FASN, fatty acid synthase ACC, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase ACL, ATP-citrate lyase NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate MAT, malonyl acetyl transferases KS, ketoacyl synthase KR, p-ketoacyl reductase DH, p-hydroxyacyl dehydratase ER, enoyl reductase TE, thioesterase ACP, acyl carrier protein VLCFA, very long chain fatty acids ELOVL, elongation of very long chain fatty acids SCDl, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 AMPK, AMP-activated kinase ME, malic enzyme FASKOL, liver-specific deletion of FAS PPARa, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activating Receptor alpha HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA SREBP, sterol response element binding protein SIP, site-one protease S2P, site-two... 

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