Prolactin level

No effect on prolactin release in normal subjects, but diminishes increased prolactin levels in acromegaly... 

Swartz CM, Breen K, Leone F Serum prolactin levels during extended cocaine abstinence. AmJ Psychiatry 147 777—779, 1990 Sziraki I, Sershen H, Hashim A, et al Receptors in the ventral tegmental area mediating nicotine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Neurochem Res 27 253-261, 2002... 

In combination with clinical symptoms, at least three repeated measures of serum prolactin levels greater than 20 ng/mL (20 mcg/L) are needed to confirm the diagnosis because prolactin,... 

Bromocriptine directly binds to the D2 receptors on the lac-totroph cells to exert its effect. Bromocriptine normalizes prolactin level, restores menstrual cycles, and reduces tumor size in approximately 90% of patients.49 Adverse effects such as nausea, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension often limit 5% to 10% of patients from continuing treatment. Thus, start bromocriptine at a low dose (e.g., 0.625-1.25 mg) at bedtime... 

Once the prolactin level is normalized and clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinemia have resolved, monitor prolactin level every 6 to 12 months.43,44,46... 

If the prolactin level is well controlled with dopamine agonist therapy for 2 to 3 years, gradually taper therapy to the lowest effective dose. Check prolactin levels after each dose reduction.46... 

If the prolactin levels remain unchanged for 1 year at the reduced dose, dopamine agonist therapy may be discontinued. 

It is essential to monitor prolactin levels every 6 months or annually to detect the possibility of permanent remission of pituitary disease.43,44... 

The need to continue dopamine agonists in postmenopausal women must be reassessed because these patients have a higher probability of maintaining normal prolactin levels after treatment is discontinued.52... 

Repeat the MRI 6 months after initiating therapy or if an increase in symptoms or rise in prolactin levels suggests the presence of tumor growth.43,46... 

If the prolactin level remains normal for 2 years, reassess the need to continue treatment. Make sure that the patient is taking the lowest effective dose for management of hyperprolactinemia. 

Figure 7.9 Effects of MDMA pretreatment on secretion of corticosterone (left panel) and prolactin (right panel) evoked by acute MDMA challenge. Male rats received three i.p. injections of 1.5 or 7.5 mg/kg MDMA, one dose every 2 h. Saline was administered on the same schedule. Then 2 weeks later rats received i.v. injections of 1 and 3 mg/kg MDMA. Blood samples were drawn via indwelling catheters plasma corticosterone and prolactin were measured by RIA.126 Data are mean SEM, expressed as ng/ml of plasma for N = 8 rats/group. Baseline corticosterone and prolactin levels were 73 18 and 2.4 0.6 ng/ml of plasma, respectively. Significant compared to saline-pretreated control group (P < 0.05 Duncan s).

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 1371-13720 High prolactin levels in the serum result in amenorrhea, for reasons that are not known. Bromocriptine inhibits prolactin secretion through its dopaminergic action This compound, a semisynthetic ergot derivative, appears to be a dopamine receptor agonist. It is administered orally to the patient and, in most cases, menses occurs after a month of therapy. 

There are currently no diagnostic laboratory tests for epilepsy. In some cases, particularly following GTC (or perhaps CP) seizures, serum prolactin levels may be transiently elevated. Laboratory tests may be done to rule out treatable causes of seizures (e.g., hypoglycemia, altered serum electrolyte concentrations, infections, etc.) that do not represent epilepsy. 

A serum prolactin level obtained within 10 to 20 minutes of a tonic-clonic seizure can help differentiate seizure activity from pseudoseizure activity,... 

Antipsychotic-induced elevations in prolactin levels with associated galactorrhea and menstrual irregularities are common. These effects may be dose related and are more common with the use of FGAs and risperidone. 

Inhibit prolactin inhibitory factor, thereby increasing prolactin levels Suppress testosterone-mediated stimulation of libido... 

Increased prolactin levels are associated with blocking testosterone production from the testes depressed libido results. 

Plasma prolactin levels are reduced with acute treatment and remain suppressed after 28 days of chronic treatment (Murphy et al. 1998). With acute treatment, no effects are seen on plasma luteinizing hormone or testosterone levels. However, chronic dietary 5% ginseng increases testosterone levels in male rats (Fahim et al. 1982). Chronic ginsenosides do not alter posterior pituitary hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (Zierer 1991). Similarly, human males administered ginseng extract showed an increase in plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone, but a decrease in prolactin (Salvati et al. 1996). 

The DA receptor regulating prolactin release in the pituitary is of the D2 " type [50]. This view is substantiated by the studies of Carlsson and coworkers, who reported that prolactin release response is different in male and female rats given partial DA agonists of different intrinsic efficacy [13]. In these studies, endogenous DA was depleated and prolactin levels were... 

Prolactin secretion, at least in experimental animals, is increased following chronic lithium treatment, probably as a consequence of the enhanced sensitivity of posts)maptic 5-HT receptors and the decreased sensitivity of dopamine receptors. In patients on therapeutic doses of the drug, however, the plasma prolactin levels would not appear to be markedly altered. There is little evidence that circulating gonadotrophin concentrations are affected by therapeutic doses of lithium. 

D5 has slightly different properties than D4, and it does not have any estrogenic activity [289]. It does, however, also have adverse effects on the reproductive system, much like D4, but also on the adipose tissue, bile production, and even immune system due to D5 s effect of reducing the prolactin levels [291]. In addition, it was determined that D5 causes a significant increase in uterine tumors in rats after a 160 ppm exposure. However, it is proposed that the tumors occur in rats through a mechanism that would not affect humans [291]. D5 also acts as a dopamine agonist and it can cause adverse effects on the nervous system in humans [291]. For exposures to D6 in rats, an increase in liver and thyroid mass and reproductive effects were observed [292]. 

Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic agent that is not associated with an impact on prolactin levels and is not associated with impotence as a side-effect. It may precipitate suicidal ideation as a side-effect. 

Hyperprolactinemia Antipsychotic drugs elevate prolactin levels the elevation persists during chronic administration. 

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