Inflammatory responses, in lung

The autoimmune-related effects that have been observed in the Brown Norway rat model are only partly compound specific and include both local (glomerulonephritis, splenomegaly, skin rashes, inflammatory responses in lungs) and systemic effects (hyper-immunoglobulinaemia, in particular IgE, and increased levels of autoantibodies). Derangements in Brown Norway rats are accompanied by polyclonal lymphoproliferation (both T and B cells)... 

In addition, other fragrance components that are air sensitive may form peroxides, respiratory irritants, and particles that cause inflammatory responses in lungs. It is reported that when o-limonene, a common fragrance ingredient, was added to the air in an office environment, there was a lOx increase in sub-pm... 

Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Lloyd C, Kapsenberg ML, Gonzalo JA, Coyle AJ Non-redundant functional groups of chemokines operate in a coordinate manner during the inflammatory response in the lung. Immunol Rev 2000 177 31-42. 

Inhalation of manganese tetroxide dust can lead to an inflammatory response in the lung. Symptoms may include cough, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and occasionally pneumonia. It has been noted that this type of inflammatory... 

Two-year animal inhalation studies have shown nickel oxide and nickel subsulfide to be carcinogenic in rats, resulting in alveolar/bron-chiolar adenomas and tumors of the adrenal medulla nickel subsulfide was not carcinogenic to mice, whereas nickel oxide caused equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity in mice based on alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas.Nickel sulfate was not carcinogenic in rodent assays but did cause an inflammatory response in the lungs of animals. 

Animal studies have found that subchronic exposure to nuisance dusts at levels equal to the threshold limit value have induced mild inflammatory response in the lung and sufficient accumulation of particles to slow lung clearance. The investigators suggest that exposure to nuisance dust at a level that will impair pulmonary clearance should be avoided to prevent excessive accumulation of dust in the lung. 

Generalized/organ specific (lung disease, anemia, decreased blood supply) Cellular hypoxia (cyanide poisoning of electron transport chain in mitochondria) Inflammatory (pathology from abnormal inflammatory response in the body) Autoimmune and/or chronic diseases (systemic lupus erythmatosus, rheumatoid arthritis)... 

Half-time persistence in lung of 32 h lung inflammatory responses disrupted lung enzyme activity... 

Allergic asthma patients have higher blood levels of NGF. The influx of inflammatory cells in lungs is observed as the neurotrophin expression is augmented. Multiple targets may be affected by neurotrophins as they play a role in allergic inflammation, which include recruitment, maintenance and activation of mast cells and eosinophils and facilitation of TH2 response. Whether neurotrophins can alter TH1/TH2 balance in humans has not yet been established. 

People who smoke and those who have a history of lung disease may be at an increased risk of exposure by inhalation. Studies show that inhalation of dust from barium salts produces a mild, but lengthy, inflammatory response in the lungs of rats (Huston et al. 1952). A benign pneumoconiosis has been noted in cases of chronic, low-level exposure in humans (Doig 1976). Smoking and lung diseases may increase the intensity of this response in affected individuals. 

Attenuates the inflammatory response in the lung of thermally injured mice [80, 81]... 

The failure of antioxidant mechanisms to correct redox disequilibrium could lead to the escalation of oxidative to tier 2. Tier 2 cellular responses are characterized by the activation of cellular signaling pathway such as stress-activated kinases (p38 MAP kinase and JNK) along with activation and nuclear translocation of transcription factors NF-kB and STAT-1. NF-KB-induced transcriptional activation leads to the production of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8. STAT-1 activation stimulates the increased production of CXC-motif chemokines that function in lymphocyte recruitment and activation. Therefore, tier 2 oxidative responses result in an inflammatory response in the lung. 

The analysis of isolated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is an effective means for the detection of inflammatory responses in the lung. In both animals and humans, cell counts and cell distributions can be determined, along with measures of protein and bioactive mediators. 

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