General organization

Karfunkel H R and R J Gdanitz 1992. Ah initio Prediction of Possible Crystal Structures for General Organic Molecules. Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 1171-1183. 

In computational chemistry it can be very useful to have a generic model that you can apply to any situation. Even if less accurate, such a computational tool is very useful for comparing results between molecules and certainly lowers the level of pain in using a model from one that almost always fails. The MM+ force field is meant to apply to general organic chemistry more than the other force fields of HyperChem, which really focus on proteins and nucleic acids. HyperChem includes a default scheme such that when MM+ fails to find a force constant (more generally, force field parameter), HyperChem substitutes a default value. This occurs universally with the periodic table so all conceivable molecules will allow computations. Whether or not the results of such a calculation are realistic can only be determined by close examination of the default parameters and the particular molecular situation. ... 

The materials of attention in promoting fire safety are generally organic polymers, both natural, such as wood (qv) and wool (qv), and synthetic, nylon (see Polyamides), vinyl, and mbber (qv). Less fire-prone products generally have either inherently more stable polymeric stmctures or fire-retardant additives. 

Widom, J.M., and Edelstem, S.J. (1981J Chemistry, An Introduction to General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, Freeman, San Francisco. 

Calorimetry has been used to measure the rate of reaction for several tertiary amines with benzoyl peroxide [48]. The relative rate results are in line with the predictions from general organic chemistry. The rates given in Table 4, see also Scheme 7, are based on A/,A/-dimethylaniline = 1.00. 

Color removal is affected by pH. Generally, organics are less soluble at low pH. 

The fatty acids of higher molecular weight than caproic acid are of little interest or importance so far as essential oils are concerned, and for their characters, the reader is referred to standard works on general organic chemistry. 

The symbol R is used in organic chemistry to represent a generalized organic group. The R group can be methyl, ethyl, propyl, or any of a multitude of others. 

In general, organic contaminants induce foaming and inorganics increase surface tension, although clearly there are exceptions. For example, sugar increases surface tension, while tannins, lignosulfonates, car-boxymethyl cellulose (CMC), phosphinocarboxylic acids (PCAs), and other dispersants reduce surface tension and help destabilize foams. 

Removal of general organic fouling is best achieved by alkaline cleaning based on caustic, EDTA, and a surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium lauryl sulfate. 

Data from References 23 and 24, for general organic compounds. 

Note 2. To maintain integrity of carbohydrate names, it is sometimes helpful to overstep the strict order of principal group preference specified in general organic nomenclature [13,14]. For example, a carboxymethyl-substituted sugar can be named as such, rather than as an acetic acid derivative (see 2-Carb-31.2). 

Cyclic acetals formed by the reaction of saccharides or saccharide derivatives with aldehydes or ketones are named in accordance with 2-Carb-24.1, bivalent substituent names (formed by general organic nomenclature principles) being used as prefixes. In indicating more than one cyclic acetal grouping of the same kind, the appropriate pairs of locants are separated typographically when the exact placement of the acetal groups is known. 

Note 2. The use of prefixes ending in -ylidene for gem-bivalent substituent groups is traditional in the carbohydrate field, although no longer recommended in general organic nomenclature [14],... 

A Fire involving solid materials, generally organic materials, in which combustion... 

There have been some examples of the use of LDMS applied to the analysis of compounds separated via TLC, although not specifically dealing with polymer additives [852]. Dewey and Finney [838] have described direct TLC-spectroscopy and TLC-LMMS as applied to the analysis of lubricating oil additives (phenolic and amine antioxidants, detergents, dispersants, viscosity index improvers, corrosion inhibitors and metal deactivators). Also a series of general organics and ionic surfactants were analysed by means of direct normal-phase HPTLC-LMMS [837]. Novak and Hercules [858] have... 

Textbooks in general organic chemistry will illustrate that there are many ways of synthesising azo compounds. However, almost without exception, azo dyes and pigments are made on an industrial scale by the same... 

Holum, John R. Elements of General Organic and Biological Chemistry, 9th Ed. Wiley, New York, USA (1995)... 

Polyesters are, in general, organic solvent resistant. They show excellent room temperature resistance to organic solvents, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. At slightly elevated temperatures of approximately 60 °C, alcohols and aromatic solvents can damage the polymer. Strong acids and bases can cause chemical damage to polyesters, as can ketones and phenols. 

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