Distribution in cell

Juhaszova, M. and Blaustein, M. P. Na+ pump low and high ouabain affinity a subunit isoforms are differently distributed in cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 1800-1805, 1997. 

Fluorescence spectroscopy and its applications to the physical and life sciences have evolved rapidly during the past decade. The increased interest in fluorescence appears to be due to advances in time resolution, methods of data analysis and improved instrumentation. With these advances, it is now practical to perform time-resolved measurements with enough resolution to compare the results with the structural and dynamic features of macromolecules, to probe the structures of proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids, and to acquire two-dimensional microscopic images of chemical or protein distributions in cell cultures. Advances in laser and detector technology have also resulted in renewed interest in fluorescence for clinical and analytical chemistry. 

Fig. 1. (opposite page) Distribution of FITC-conjugated BSA in various fibroblast cell lines under different fixation/permeabilization regimes. (A-D) Protein distribution in living cells (A) PtKj, (B) CHO, (C) 3T3, and (D) HeLa cells. The protein is excluded from the nuclei of all cells. (E-H) Protein distribution in cells extracted for 10 min with 0.1% Triton X-100 before fixation for 30 min with 3.7% formaldehyde (E) PtKi, (F) CHO, (G) 3T3, and (H) HeLa cells. Nuclear fluorescence is seen in (E) PtKj and (G) 3T3 cells. (I-L) Protein distribution in cells extracted for 10 min with 1% Triton X-100 before fixation for 30 min with 3.7% formaldehyde (I) PtKj, (J) CHO, (K) 3T3, and (L) HeLa cells. No fluorescence is detected in the cells with the exception of some nuclear fluorescence seen in (L) HeLa cells. (M-P) Protein distribution in cells fixed for 30 min with 3.7% paraformaldehyde before permeabilization for 10 min with 0.1% Triton X-100. Fluorescence is seen primarily in the cytoplasm with the exception that nuclear fluorescence is seen in (M) PtKi and (N) CHO cells. (Q-T) Protein distributions in cells fixed for 5 min with 90% methanol, 50 vaM EGTA at -20°C (Q) PtKj, (R) CHO, (S) 3T3, and (T) HeLa cells. All cells show an overall low fluorescence, fibrous-textured cytoplasmic fluorescence, and bright staining at the periphery of the nucleus. 10 mm per scale division (black bar). (Reproduced with permission from ref. 6.)... 

Fig. 6.99. The contact-adsorbed ions in a hexagonal array at the IHP. Ions are considered spatially distributed in cells, with the centers of the cells corresponding to the time-average positions of the ions. (Reprinted from J. O M. Bockris. M. Gamboa-Aldeco, and M. Szklarczyk, J. Electroanal. Chem. 339 355, copyright 1992, Fig. 51, with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

Glutathione (GSH) is widely distributed in cell tissue. Its biological function is not completely understood but it is thought to be a coenzyme for a Cannizzaro-type reaction interconverting... 

Table 10. Distribution of amino acids (residues/1000) in cell contents and cell walls of 6 species of diatoms from various habitats. Column a distribution in cell contents Column b cell walls. Bottom of table emphasizes the difference (Column b - Column a) between cell-wall composition and cell contents for those amino acids which show consistent trends. The sponge spicules are from Ctiona celata, and the sponge tissue is from an unidentified siliceous sponge. AA amino acids HA hexosamines... 

Widely distributed in cells and tissues Inhibited by OPs and CBs Slow hydrolysis of OP-enzyme complex Relatively rapid hydrolysis of CN-enzyme complex Examples AChE, BuChE, CaE, and NTE... 

Label-free detection of mitochondrial distribution in cells by nonresonant Raman micro-spectroscopy. Biophys.., 93, 668-73. 

Like microfilaments and Intermediate filaments, microtubules are not randomly distributed in cells. Rather, microtubules radiate from the centrosome, which is the primary microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) In animal cells (Fig ure 5-33). As detailed In Chapter 20, the two ends of a microtubule differ in their dynamic properties and are commonly designated as the (-h) and (—) ends. For this reason, microtubles can have two distinct orientations relative to one another and to other cell structures. In many nondividing animal cells, the MTOC is located at the center of the cell near the nucleus, and the radiating microtubules are all oriented with their (-f) ends directed toward the cell periphery. Although most interphase animal cells contain a single perinuclear MTOC, epithelial cells and plant cells contain hundreds of MTOCs. Both of these cell types exhibit distinct... 

Johnson D, Cohen P, Chen MX, Chen YH, Cohen PTW. (1997) Identification of the regions on the Muo subunit of protein phosphatase IM that interact with the M21 subunit and myosin. Eur J Biochem 244 931-939 Juhaszova M, Blaustein MP (1997) Na pump low and high ouabain affinity a subunit isoforms are differently distributed in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 1800-1805 Kamm KE, Hsu L-C, Kubota Y, Stull JT (1989) Phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin heavy and light chains. J Biol Chem 264 21223-21229... 

Suppose we have N distinguishable balls that are to be distributed in cells. 

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