Infestation

The hexahydrate fonns colourless crystals, m.p. 44 C (104 C when anhydrous), b.p. 126 C. Made by the action of alcoholic ammonia on 1,2-dichloroethane, piperazine is used in human and veterinary medicine in the treatment of threadworm and roundworm infestations. 

Conservation. In an attempt to save paper, preventive conservation care deserves the highest priority, because it reduces the need for potentially hazardous, comphcated, and expensive treatments later (159—162). Problems which have a stmctural impact on long-term stabiUty of paper should be given a higher priority than problems which are merely cosmetic in nature. For example, infestation by insects, attracted by nutrients in paper, can cause irreparable loss of media and support. 

Biodeterioration. For objects made out of organic materials, mold and insect attack are a principal cause of damage. Microbiological organisms can also be responsible for serious deterioration of outdoor stone. Museums, especially storage areas, are quite conducive to providing the conditions in which infestations can occur. Objects are stored in close proximity, and left untouched for prolonged periods, often with Htde if any ak movement. 

More and more raw spices are converted to finished products near the growing sites. This saves shipping costs of bulk vs concentrate. Rapid processing also assures less loss of flavor volatiles resulting from evaporation, reduction of colored components due to oxidation or isomeri2ation, and reduction of losses due to insect and rodent infestation. 

The male Mediterranean fmit fly Ceratitis capitata is similarly attracted to the terpenoid a-copaene [3856-25-5] (176) from the oil oiA.ngelica archangelica and this and the parakairomone tert-huty 2-methyl-4-chlorocyclohexanoate (trimedlure [12002-53-8]) are very extensively employed in monitoring for infestations of this destmctive pest. The female apple maggot fly Jiagoktispomonella is attracted to the apple volatile butyl hexanoate, which is used to bait sticky red spheres to monitor populations and time spray treatments. 

Plants can also be pests that need to be controlled, particulady noxious weeds infesting food crops. Prior to 1900, inorganic compounds such as sulfuric acid, copper nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium salts were used to selectively control mustards and other broadleaved weeds in cereal grains. By the early 1900s, Kainite and calcium cyanamid were also used in monocotyledenous crops, as well as iron sulfate, copper sulfate, and sodium arsenate. Prom 1915 to 1925, acid arsenical sprays, carbon bisulfate, sodium chlorate, and others were introduced for weed control use. Total or nonselective herbicides kill all vegetation, whereas selective compounds control weeds without adversely affecting the growth of the crop (see Herbicides). 

Pests inMquatic Sites weeds clogging navigable streams, infesting recreational areas predator eels and fish 2ebra mussels... 

Tines discarded in landfills tend to float on top of the ground mosquito infestation and illegal tine disposal cause problems which can be alleviated by recycling. Approximately 45% of scrap mbber, primarily as tines, is discarded in landfills (2). Private landfills may charge up to 3 per tine, and disposal costs at municipal landfills are ca 0.30—0.60 per tine (3,4), encouraging illegal disposal. As the tine piles grow, mbber recovery becomes more economical... 

The filariform larva found in moist soils may be either ingested or penetrate the skin of its host. It is then carried through the circulatory system to the lungs and migrates up the respiratory tree into the digestive tract. The worms feed on intestinal tissue and blood. Some worms may persist in humans as long as nine years. Infestations cause cutaneous reactions, pulmonary lesions, intestinal ulcerations, and anemia. 

Kermisic Acid. Many accounts claim that kermisic acid [476-35-7] (Cl Natural Red 3 Cl 75460) is the oldest dyestuff ever recorded (23). The name kermes is derived from an Armenian word meaning Httle worm for which the later Latin equivalent was vermiculus, the basis of the Knglish word Vermillion. The dye was obtained from an oriental shield louse, K. ilicis which infest the holm o5kQuercus ilex and the shmb oak. coccifera. The dye produces a brilliant scarlet color with an alum mordant. Although expensive, it was cheaper than its rival Tyrian Purple. It was in great demand until the sixteenth century when it was displaced by carminic acid. 

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