Nematode infestation

The drug of choice for nematode infestations (hookworm, enterobiasis, and ascariasis) is mebendazole, while ivermectin is indicated for strongyloidiasis and praziquantel is indicated for tapeworms. 

Quassia has bitter, orexigenic, sialagogue, gastric-stimulant, and anthelmintic properties. Traditionally, it has been used for anorexia, dyspepsia, nematode infestation (by oral or rectal administration), pediculosis (by topical application), and specifically for atonic dyspepsia with loss of appetite. 

Tansy has anthelmintic, carminative, and antispasmodic properties and is known to act as a stimulant to abdominal viscera. Traditionally, it has been used for nematode infestation, topically for scabies (as a decoction) and pruritus ani (as an ointment), and specifically for roundworm or threadworm infestation in children. 

Figure 15 Effect of nematode infestation on the concentration of triacyl-glycerols in anchovy tissues (% wet mass) L, liver R, red muscle W, white muscle. Open columns, weakly infested shaded columns, heavily infested. (After Shchepkina, 1980b.)...

Shchepkina, A.M. (1980a). The lipid composition of tissues of Black Sea anchovy over the annual cycle and of the nematode infestation of larvae (In Russian). Ekologiya Morya 3,33-39. 

Insects provide another difficulty. One of the axioms of entomology is that in the Northern Hemisphere, insect populations are larger and more varied in the eastern parts of a continental mass. In addition to its other problems, eastern viticulture must do constant battle against numerous voracious insect pests. The rose chafer regularly appears just in time to nip off inflorescences as they are about to flower. The Japanese beetle turns every leaf of a grapevine into a piece of lace, if allowed to. In the Tidewater sections of the lower part, nematode infestation can be so severe as to make viticulture almost impossible. 

Results from field experiments suggest that Jerusalem artichoke tubers can be left in nematode-infested soils, without yield being adversely affected. The tubers appear to be resistant to the nematodes that inflict damage on other root vegetables. Cultivation of nematode-neutral Jerusalem artichoke caused a 45% reduction in the potato-eating nematode population in infested fields in one study (Goffart, 1955). Therefore, Jerusalem artichoke is useful as a rotational substitute for sugar beet or potato in nematode-infested fields (Conti, 1953 Kosaric et al., 1984). 

Stunted roots with swollen galls and tubers with warty skin are symptoms of root knot nematode infestation. Tubers are edible if peeled. Destroy infested plants do not compost them. To control these pests, apply chitin or parasitic nematodes to the soil. 

Gaspard JT, Jaffee BA, Ferris H. Association of Verticillium chlamydosporium and Paecilomyces lilacinus with root-knot nematode infested soil. J Nematol 22 207-213, 1990b. 

Hirsch PR, Mauchline TH, Mendum TA, Kerry BR. Detection of the nematophagous fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium in nematode-infested plant roots using PCR. Mycol Res 104 435-439, 2000. 

West CP, IzekorE, Oosterhuis DM, Robbins RT. The effect of Acremonium coenophialum on the growth and nematode infestation of tall fescue. Plant Soil 112 3-6, 1988. 

Another major use of tetrachloroethylene is as a vapor and liquid degreasing agent. Since tetrachloroethylene dissolves many organic compounds, select inorganic compounds, and high-melting pitehes and waxes, it can be used to clean and dry contaminated metal parts and other fabricated materials. It is also used to remove soot from industrial boilers (Verschueren 1983). Tetrachloroethylene has been used as an anthelmintic in the treatment of hookworm and some nematode infestations, but it has been replaced by drugs that are less toxic and easier to administer (Budavari 1989 HSDB 1996). 

Faulkner, L.R., Bolander, WJ. (1970). Agriculturally-polluted irrigation water as a source of plant-parasitic nematode infestation. Journal of Nematology 2,368-374. 

Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides ate commonly used on crops, stored grain, soils, structures, and animals to prevent or treat insect or nematode infestation. 

Problem 7.3 l,3,ll-Tridecatriene-5,7,9-triyne is a compound found in safflowers and used as a chemical defense against nematode infestations. Write its structure. 

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