Infestation control methods

Insect attractants are predominantly used for population monitoring and for control. It is necessary to know the degree of infestation to initiate the most effective control methods. There are two ways to prevent insecticides from entering the food chain by utilizing effective insect attractants. The first method is to attract the destructive insects themselves into a trap by an effective lure, and the second is by attracting their natural enemies so that the insects can be annihilated before they can cause much damage. 

Grow pests favorite plants to lure them away from your garden crops. Plant these trap crops around your garden or between the rows. When a trap crop becomes infested, pull it and destroy the pests. For pests that disperse quickly when disturbed, cover the trap plants with a sheet or bag before you pull them. This control method works best for pests that produce only a few generations each summer or for crops that need protection for a short, critical period in the season. A drawback is that you have to sacrifice harvest from the trap crop and garden space to grow it. 

Adequate deanliness is an important consideration in the design of excipient manufacturing fadlities. However, many starting materials, particularly botanicals, may have some unavoidable contamination, such as rodent or other animal filth or infestation. The manufacturer should have suffident control methods to prevent the increase of such contamination or infestation in holding areas, or its spread to other areas of the plant... 

Stored grain losses caused by insects throughout the world total approximately 6,000,000 bushels a year. The development of new chemical methods for determining weevil infestation and the increased application of chemicals for the control of other pests are rapidly reducing these staggering losses. 

Pollen allelopathy can find utilization in field cultivations that could contain pollen of allelopathic crops or weeds. Pollen allelopathy could be an effective method for annual weed control that reproduce, at least in part, via wind pollination and flower concurrently with the allelopathic species. The effects of allelopathy should result in the loss of genetic variation and so in reduction of reproductive ability, but some plants are probably able to detoxify the pollen allelochemicals (Murphy and Aarssen 1995a, b). Murphy and Aarssen (1989) suggested possible delaying of weed flowering at later, less favorable times of the season or diurnal period, so decrease in weed pressure. However, infestation by perennial weeds can worsen due to compensation of pollen allelopathy through increase in the formation of rhizomes. 

Scholler, M. 1998. Integration of biological and non-biological methods to control arthropods infesting stored products. Postharv. News Inform. 9, 15-20. 

The determination of diazinon in foods is important because this chemical is used as a pesticide on plant crops and, at least in some cases, in pesticide dips for the control of parasitic infestations in animals (Brown et al. 1987 Miyahara et al. 1992). Because animals are exposed to this compound, both via pesticide dips and by ingestion of crops to which diazinon has been applied, some methods have been reported for animal products. The majority of methods, however, deal with the determination of residues in plant products. Most of the analytical methods found that describe the extraction from, and determination of, diazinon residues in various crops (plant materials) were developed as part of multiresidue methods. They are based on homogenization of the sample with an organic solvent (polar or non-polar) the isolation of the residues from this initial extract and, usually, some additional cleanup prior to the analysis of the extract by GC. The most common non-MS modes of detection exploit the... 

Insect infestation of grains results in an annual loss of 500 million dollars. Present methods of chemical control are relatively unsatisfactory. There can be no doubt but that radiation could do a more satisfactory job than the chemicals, since it can treat infestation both inside and outside the kernels. A complete economic and logistic evaluation of the problem has been formulated by Chamberlain (Cl). The original cost estimate was low by a factor of 1.78. This mistake was corrected in a later version of the paper. He shows that isotope radiation can compete with conventional treatment methods if the irradiator can be located in the terminal warehouse and a charge of 1 cent/bu. can be assessed for the deinfestation. 

Cut and Leave. This method was first recommended by the Texas Forest Service for controlling small southern pine beetle spots (10-15 infested trees) that could not be salvaged (5). As the treatment implies, trees are felled with the tops directed into the infested area rather than random felling. Mortality to the bark beetles is enhanced by the increased subcortical temperature resulting from direct exposure of the bark to the sun s rays and the inability of the immature stages to move to more protected areas, i.e. the under-surface of the felled trees. 

The systemic route remains the most desirable method for controlling haematophagous pests or ectoparasites, especially if they happen to be vectors of virus, protozoan or metazoan inflicted diseases. It has been understood for quite some time that the bite of the tick transfers substances, like an anticoagulant for Instance, which somehow eventually leads to acquired resistance to infestation by that tick (37). Therefore, use of proteins from the ectoparasite, as antigen to immunize livestock likely to be exposed... 

The confusion method is the best organic approach for control of the codling moth, but in many orchards it cannot be used because the plot is too small. Even if an entire region has been treated with the confusion method, old standard trees remain a potential source of infestation. 

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