Apple volatiles

The male Mediterranean fmit fly Ceratitis capitata is similarly attracted to the terpenoid a-copaene [3856-25-5] (176) from the oil oiA.ngelica archangelica and this and the parakairomone tert-huty 2-methyl-4-chlorocyclohexanoate (trimedlure [12002-53-8]) are very extensively employed in monitoring for infestations of this destmctive pest. The female apple maggot fly Jiagoktispomonella is attracted to the apple volatile butyl hexanoate, which is used to bait sticky red spheres to monitor populations and time spray treatments. 

A. J. Matich, D. D. Rowan, N. H. Banks, Solid phase microextraction for quantitative headspace sampling of apple volatiles, Anal. Chem., 68, 4114 4118 (1996). 

Involvement of volatile chemicals in host finding by the apple maggot fly, R, pomonella, was suggested by the observation (Prokopy et al., 1973) that volatiles from bagged apples increased trap catches several fold in trees devoid of fruit. Indeed, extracts of apple volatiles released from red spheres in a wind tunnel elicited a 2-3 fold increase in visitation over spheres alone (Fein et al.,... 

Fein, B. L., Reissig, W. H. and Roelofs, W. L. (1982) Identification of apple volatiles attractive to the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella. J. Chem. EcoL 8, 1473-87. 

Aluja, M., R.J. Prokopy, J.P. Buonaccorsi R.T. Carde. 1993. Wind tunnel assays of olfactory responses of female Rhagoletis pomonella flies to apple volatiles effect of wind speed and odour release rate. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 68 99-108. 

Figure 7 Determination of the presence and location of eluting peaks from Red Delicious apple volatiles. The data were acquired at 30 spectra/sec using the LECO Pegasus n TOFMS system. [Datacourtesy of Dr. Randolph M. Beaudry, Michigan State University Department of Horticulture (17).]...

There are two methods available for aroma recovery. In one method, a portion of the water is stripped from the juice prior to concentration and fractionally distilled to recover a concentrated aqueous essence solution. Apple juice requires 10% water removal, peach 40%, and Concord grape 25—30% to remove volatile flavor as an essence. Fractional distillation affords an aqueous essence flavor solution of 100—200-fold strength, which means the essence is 100 to 200 times more concentrated in flavor than the starting juice. A second method of essence recovery is to condensate the volatiles from the last effect of the evaporator they are enriched in volatile flavor components (18). 

Use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes is becoming increasingly popular for clarification of apple juice. AH particulate matter and cloud is removed, but enzymes pass through the membrane as part of the clarified juice. Thus pasteurization before UF treatment to inactivate enzymes prevents haze formation from enzymatic activity. Retention of flavor volatiles is lower than that using a rack-and-frame press, but higher than that using rotary vacuum precoat-filtration (21). 

Van Ginkel CG, HG J Welten, JAM de Bont (1987) Oxidation of gaseous and volatile hydrocarbons by selected alkene-utilizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 53 2903-2907. 

Michalke K, EB Wickenheiser, M Mehring, AV Hirner, R Hensel (2000) Production of volatile derivatives of metal(loid)s by microflora involved in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 55 2791-2705. 

T. Borjesson, U. Stollman, and J. Schnurer, Volatile metabolites produced by six fungal species compared with other indicators of fungal growth on cereal grains, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58 2599 (1992). 

Holzer, F., Roland, U. and Kopinke, F.-D. (2002) Combination of non-thermal plasma and heterogeneous catalysis for oxidation of volatile organic compounds Part 1. Accessibility of the intra-particle volume, Appl. Cat. B Env. 38, 163-81. 

Amoore JE, Hautala E. 1983. Odor as an aid to chemical safety Odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. J Appl Toxicol 3 272-290. 

Scire S, Minico S, Crisafulli C, Satriano C, Pistone (2003) Catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds on gold/cerium oxide catalysts. Appl Catal B Environ 40(1-8) 43 19... 

V.A. Basiuk and J. Douda, Pyrolysis of poly glycine and poly 1 alanine analysis of less volatile products by gas chromatography/Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy/mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 55, 235 236 (2000). 

Susten, A.S., R.W.Niemier, and S.D.Simon. 1990. In vivo percutaneous absorption studies of volatile organic solvents in hairless mice II. Toluene, ethylbenzene and aniline. J. Appl. Toxicol. 10 217-226. 

Reichl, D. Krage, R. Krumme, C. Gauglitz, G., Sensing of volatile organic compounds using a simplified reflectometric interference spectroscopy setup, Appl. Spectrosc. 2000, 54, 583 586... 

Gargas ML, Burgess RJ, Voisard DE, et al. 1989. Partition coefficients of low-molecular-weight volatile chemicals in various liquids and tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 98 87-99. 

Mathews JM, Raymer JH, Etheridge As, et al. 1997. Do endogenous volatile organic chemicals measured in breath reflect and maintain CYP2E1 levels in vivo Toxicol Appl Pharmoacol 146 255-260. 

Dicke M, van Loon J (2000) Multitrophic effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in an evolutionary context. Entomol Exp Appl 97 237-249... 

---