Tapeworm infestations

Vitamin 8 2 deficiency Vitamin B-12 deficiency due to malabsorption syndrome as seen in pernicious anemia Gl pathology, dysfunction or surgery fish tapeworm infestation malignancy of pancreas or bowel gluten enteropathy sprue small bowel bacterial overgrowth total or partial gastrectomy accompanying folic acid deficiency. Increased vitamin B-12 requirements Increased vitamin B-12 requirements associated... 

Praziquantel is the agent of choice against all trema-todes apart from Fasciola hepatica where bithionol is the drug of first choice. It is also an anticestodal agent and, as also niclosamide, is a first choice drug for intestinal tapeworm infestations by Taenia solum (pork tapeworm), Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia latum (fish tapeworm) and Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and it is a second choice drug af-... 

Unlabeled Uses Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, microsporidiosis, mycobacterial infections, tapeworm infestation, trichomoniasis, typhoid carriers. 

Niclosamide (9.122), a salicylamide derivative, is the drug of choice for most tapeworm infestations. Niclosamide inhibits oxidative phosphorylation within the parasite, causing the cestode to be rapidly killed. 

Oleoresins Male fern extract used for tapeworm infestation. 

N.A. Pelletierene alkaloids, elligatannins, triterpenoids." This herb is toxic. For tapeworm infestation. 

Niclosamide, widely used in the treatment of tapeworm infestation, is well tolerated in doses of 2 g taken orally before breakfast and is the drug of choice for mass chemotherapy (1). It is has also been used as a molluscicide and in the control of Schistosoma japonicum (2). 

The most frequent cause of cobalamin deficiency is insufficient absorption due to a lack of Intrinsic Factor. This condition is more generally known as pernicious anemia and is caused by the occurrence of autoantibodies against parietal cells and Intrinsic Factor, blocking its capacity to bind cobalamin and preventing its absorption. Less frequent causes are abnormal intestinal flora, partial or total gastrectomy, tropical sprue, fish tapeworm infestation, and the congenital Intrinsic Factor abnormality and Intrinsic Factor receptor dysfunction (Imerslund-Grasbeck disease). 

The drug of choice for nematode infestations (hookworm, enterobiasis, and ascariasis) is mebendazole, while ivermectin is indicated for strongyloidiasis and praziquantel is indicated for tapeworms. 

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 1331-1333.) Iron-deficiency anemia usually occurs in infants undergoing rapid growth. In adults in a late stage, it may result in a bowel syndrome associated with gastritis and hypochlo-rhydria (Plummer-Vinson syndrome). Characteristically, all iron-deficiency anemias are associated with a hypochromic microcytic blood profile. Infestation with the tapeworm D. latum is accompanied by a hyperchromic macrocytic anemia, which is treatable with vitamin B12. Bleeding syndromes are treated with iron. 

Although relatively high doses (4 6 kGy) are required to kill food-borne parasites, much lower doses are adequate to prevent their reproduction and maturation resulting in loss of infectivity. Table 6 summarizes the effect of ionizing radiation on the most important parasites that may be associated with fishery products and meats [38]. Thus the parasitic roundworm Trichinella spiralis, which causes trichinosis, the pork and beef tapeworms, the protozoon in pork responsible for toxoplasmois, and various flukes that infest fish, can be rendered noninfective by low-dose radiation treatment. Doses of... 

Netobimin is an albendazole prodrug intended for use in sheep and cattle. An oral dosage of 7.5 mg/kg bw is recommended for treatment of gastrointestinal infestations by roundworms and tapeworms, and 20 mg/kg bw for type II ostertag-iosis and adult flukes. Netobimin exhibits teratogenic effects in animals. 

This group of compounds has played an important role in the control of worm infestations of cattle, sheep and horses, with particular activity against the larval stages of worms. Prior to their introduction there was no effective treatment of larval stages of worms. The benzimidazoles are also active against tapeworms and fluke. The main compounds in use are thiabendazole, cambendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, mebendazole and albendazole. The mode of action of these compounds is through their effect on the uptake of nutrients by the helminth, which results in a reduction in glycogen and subsequent starvation. 

BI4. von Bonsdorff, B., The site of infestation with fish tapeworm determined by means of intestinal intubation. Diphyllobothrium and pernicious anaemia. Acta Med. Scand. 129, 213-23 (1947). 

The biannual schedule of antirabies vaccination was apparently insufficient for tapeworm control. Taking the worms ecology into account, it was assumed that the ideal approach would be to deworm foxes as fast as a new worm generation could mature in the gut of freshly infested foxes. This led to choosing 6-week intervals. Furthermore, after 1 year of application, leading to a drastic decline in worm abundance, control intensity was lowered to 12-week intervals to save costs. 

It is difficult to title correctly a discussion that attempts to deal with the broad area of drugs utilized to treat all the types of infections that parasitize humanity. Antiparasitic might be technically more correct because it would include all organisms from the microscopic in size to the 75-foot tapeworm, but the term parasite has acquired a much narrower meaning as commonly used. The title antimicrobial was selected even though drugs controlling helminthic (worm) infestations will be considered. Similarly, antiviral compounds will also be discussed, even if viruses are not microbes as commonly viewed. 

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