Grains insect-infested

A third type of probability distribution frequently encountered in nature is where the occurence of one event at some location increases the probability of other events being observed nearby. This leads to clumping or patchiness, characteristic of many biological systems such as weed or insect infestations, and mold growth in stored grains. 

Insect infestation of grains results in an annual loss of 500 million dollars. Present methods of chemical control are relatively unsatisfactory. There can be no doubt but that radiation could do a more satisfactory job than the chemicals, since it can treat infestation both inside and outside the kernels. A complete economic and logistic evaluation of the problem has been formulated by Chamberlain (Cl). The original cost estimate was low by a factor of 1.78. This mistake was corrected in a later version of the paper. He shows that isotope radiation can compete with conventional treatment methods if the irradiator can be located in the terminal warehouse and a charge of 1 cent/bu. can be assessed for the deinfestation. 

Figure 13.4 Analysis of single kernels by NIR imaging to detect insect infested grains, (a) The figure presents the image at 1400 nm of three infested wheat kernels, (b) The figure shows the fifth PC image of the NIR image of intact (1) and infested (2 and 3) coffee beans. From Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Belgium.

Greening, H.G, (1980). Chemical control of insects infesting farm-stored grain and harvest machinery. Pyreth. Past 15, 48-53. 

Several clues indicate the presence of insect infestation in stored foods (Table IV). The presence of eggs of pulse beetles such as Callosobruchus spp. can be easily seen in infested pulses with the naked eye. Similarly, the exit holes of internal infesters such as Sitophilus spp., R. dominica, Proste-phanus truncatus, and S. cerealella are clearly visible in infested food grains. In the case of khapra beetle (T. granarium) infestation, the exuviae of the larvae are indicators of the presence of the pest. Infestation by moth pests including E. cautella, Plodia interpunctella, and Corcyra cephalonica is... 

Howe and Oxley (1944) proposed the use of carbon dioxide (C02) produced in food grains and grain products as an indicator of insect infestation, particularly hidden infestation. The intergranular air in normal grain, which is free from insect infestation, contains about 0.03% C02. This level varies depending on the moisture content of the grain because of the metabolism... 

Arora, A., Dinger, R., and Srivastava, S. 1993. Changes in physico-chemical properties of sorghum grain and germination due to storage and insect infestation. Bull. Grain Technol. 31, 124-128. 

Fleurat-Lessard, F. 1988. Determination of insect infestation. In Preservation and Storage of Grains, Seeds and Their By-Products (J.L. Multon, A.M. Reimbert, D. Marsh, and AJ. Eydt, eds), pp. 495-515. Lavoisier Publishing, New York. 

Fleurat-Lessard, F. and Andrieu, A.J. 1986. Development of a rapid method to determine insect infestation in grain bins with electro-acoustic devices. In Proceedings of the 4th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (E. Donahaye and S. Navarro, eds), p. 643. Tel Aviv, Israel. 

Jood, S. and Kapoor, A.C. 1992a. Effect of storage and insect infestation on protein and starch digestability of cereal grains. Food Chem. 44, 209-212. 

Jood, S., Kapoor, A.C., and Singh, R. 1992. Mineral contents of cereal grains as affected by storage and insect infestation. J. Stored Prod. Res. 28, 147-151. 

Karunakaran, C. 2002. Soft X-ray inspection of wheat kernels to detect infestation by stored-grain insects . Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. 

Kitto, G.B. 1991. A new rapid biochemical technique for quantitating insect infestation in grain. 

Milner, M. 1958. New methods to detect and eliminate insect-infested grain. Adv. Food Res. 8, 111-131. 

Milner, M., Lee, M.R., and Katz, R. 1950b. Application of X-ray technique to the detection of internal insect infestation of grains. J. Econ. Entomol. 43, 933-935. 

Pande, N., Saxena, J., and Mehrotra, B.S. 1989. Determination of fungal and insect infestation of stored cereal grains and their relationship. Bull. Grain Technol. 27, 133-141. 

Pant, K.C. and Susheela, T.P. 1977. Effect of storage and insect infestation on the chemical composition and nutritive value of grain sorghums. J. Sci. Food Agric. 28, 963-970. 

Seitz, L.M. and Sauer, D.B. 1996. Volatile compounds and odors in grain sorghum infested with common storage insects. Cereal Chem. 73, 744—750. 

Sen, N.P. and Vazquez, A.W. 1969. Correlation of uric acid content with fragment counts in insect-infested flours and wheat grains. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 52, 833-834. 

Sharma, S.S., Thapar, V.K., and Simwat, G.S. 1979. Biochemical losses in stored wheat due to infestation of some stored grain insect-pests. Bull. Grain Technol. 17, 144-147. 

Sinha, R.N., Waterer, D., and Muir, W.E. 1986a. Carbon dioxide concentrations associated with insect infestations of stored grain. 1. Natural infestation of com, barley and wheat in farm granaries. Sci. Aliments 6, 91-98. 

Street, M.W. 1971. Nuclear magnetic resonance for detecting hidden insect infestation in stored grains. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 6, 249-254. 

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