Infections/ infectious

Unlabeled Uses Oral, parenteral Prophylaxis of herpes simplex and herpes zoster infections, infectious mononucleosis. 

Indications Lower respiratory infection Bone and joint infection Skin and skin structure infection Urinary tract infection Infectious diarrhea Acute sinusitis Prostatitis Typhoid fever Complicated intra-abdominal infection Gonorrhea... 

Ciprofloxacin is approved for use in the treatment of bone and joint infections, infectious diarrhea caused by Shigella or Campylobacter, lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It is the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni. In addition, it has found off-label use as an alternative drug for the treatment of gonorrhea, salmonella, and yersinia... 

Nonthyroidal illness (HIV infection, infectious and chronic active hepatitis, estrogen-producing tumors, acute intermittent porphyria)... 

Thrombophlebitis with pulmonary embolus, systemic viral infection, infectious mononucleosis. 

Cryptosporidia are protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in many species, including humans. Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis account for almost all human infections. Infectious oocysts in feces may be spread either by direct human-to-human contact or by contaminated water supplies. Groups at risk include travelers, children in day-care facilities, male homosexuals, animal handlers, veterinarians, and other healthcare personnel. Immunocompromised individuals are especially vulnerable. After ingestion, the mature oocyte releases sporozoites that invade host epithelial cells. Infection usually is self-limited. In AIDS patients and other immunocompromised individuals, severe secretory diarrhea may require hospitalization and supportive therapy. 

Non-specific immunostimulation [1, 2] might be useful and very effective when the immune system of the host is impaired. Therefore, it can be indicated to counteract immunosuppressions or an ineffectively working immune system, which might be the consequence of excessively applied chemotherapy or long term treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. In these cases immunostimulants can be applied adjuvant to a conventional chemotherapy. According to Drews [3], immunostimulants are an attractive alternative to conventional chemotherapy when mixed infections, infectious hospitalism, chronic infectious diseases, persistent infections and their immunopathogenic sequels, or chemotherapy resistent bacterial and viral infections have to be treated. 

Traditional Medicine. In Chinese folk medicine, a decoction of the whole aboveground herb is used for treatment of colds, sunstroke, tonsillitis, pleurisy, urinary tract infections, infectious hepatitis, jaundice, and dysentery as an antidote for arsenic poisoning, poisoning by Gelsemium elegans, and toxic mushrooms external poultice for snakebites, scabies, traumatic injuries, and herpes zoster (uangsu). 

Methods to Detect and Quantitate Viral Agents in Fluids. In order to assess the effectiveness of membrane filtration the abihty to quantitate the amount of vims present pre- and post-filtration is critical. There are a number of techniques used. The method of choice for filter challenge studies is the plaque assay which utilizes the formation of plaques, localized areas in the cell monolayer where cell death caused by viral infection in the cell has occurred on the cell monolayer. Each plaque represents the presence of a single infectious vims. Vims quantity in a sample can be determined by serial dilution until the number of plaques can be accurately counted. The effectiveness of viral removal may be determined, as in the case of bacterial removal, by comparing the vims concentration in the input suspension to the concentration of vims in the effluent. 

The plaque assay is desirable because it is very sensitive and only detects infectious viral particles. However, there are viral agents which cannot be supported by cell lines. In these cases other methods must be used. The polymerase chain reaction (PGR), which amplifies DNA or RNA from viral agents, can be used to detect the presence and quantity of viral agents. The amount of RNA or DNA target in the initial sample can be determined by competitive PGR where the quantity of amplified product is compared to a control PGR product where the initial amount of target is known. Quantification is also possible by an end-point dilution method similar to that used to determine a tissue culture infections dose. PGR methods can be very sensitive however. 

General Antibacterial Properties. In the clinical control of bacterial infectious disease, the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, and to a lesser extent, dibekacin and isepamicin are most commonly used for the treatment of serious infections involving aerobic or facultative gram-negative baciUi, especially in the compromised host. This usage is discussed in the Hterature (44—51). 

Clinically, GM-CSF or G-CSF have been used to accelerate recovery after chemotherapy and total body or extended field irradiation, situations that cause neutropenia and decreased platelets, and possibly lead to fatal septic infection or diffuse hemorrhage, respectively. G-CSF and GM-CSF reproducibly decrease the period of granulocytopenia, the number of infectious episodes, and the length of hospitalization in such patients (152), although it is not clear that dose escalation of the cytotoxic agent and increased cure rate can be rehably achieved. One aspect of the effects of G-CSF and GM-CSF is that these agents can activate mature cells to function more efficiently. This may, however, also lead to the production of cytokines, such as TNF- a, that have some toxic side effects. In general, both cytokines are reasonably well tolerated. The side effect profile of G-CSF is more favorable than that of GM-CSF. Medullary bone pain is the only common toxicity. 

The nature of the conditions of intensive production, however, can increase the risk of diseases and infections which can spread very rapidly and devastate large numbers of animals." Thus it is common practice for producers of poultry to add coccidiostats to their diets and vaccines to their drinking water in order to prevent coccidiosis and other infectious diseases such as bronchitis and Newcastle disease. A similar problem exists for intensively reared fish, where it is necessary to add antibiotics to their diets. A problem with intensively reared fish is that their diet is added directly into the water in which they live thus drugs and other additives in the diet are relatively easily dispersed into the local environment of fish farms, where they can increase bacterial resistance and also cause problems such as algal blooms. 

The sources for this type of control are infectious hospital or clinic patients, w here the infection can be transmitted through the airborne route. The most common application is for control of the spread of tuberculosis, but it could be used for other airborne infections such as varicella or influenza. -... 

Tolerance The ability of a person to withstand adverse conditions of air quality, infectious agents, noise, vibration, or light without showing signs of infection or disease. 

Ansteckung,/, infection contagion. Ansteckungs quelle, /, source of infection, Stoff, m. infectious matter. 

Infektions-herd, m. focus of infection, -krank-heit, /. infectious disease, -quelle, /. source of iufection. -trkger, m. carrier of Jufeo-tion. 

Infectious non-communicable bioaerosols are airborne bacteria or fungi that can infect humans but that have a nonhuman source. 

The discovery and production of antibiotics has been of tremendous importance to human and animal health care. Prior to their discovery about half a century ago, many bacterial infections caused debilitating diseases and fatalities were high. The discovery of antibiotics was a major step in the treatment of infectious diseases, especially those caused by bacteria. Today about 50,000 tonnes of antibiotics are produced annually. About a third of this consists of penicillins, whilst tetracyclines make up about a quarter of the market. 

Extracts from 152 plant species, representing 46 different families, were screened for effects on tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replication in cucumber cotyledons. Twenty species have shown enough activity to warrant further study. Several members of the Caprifoliaceae family increased virus replication. An extract of Lonicera involucrata enlarged the virus lesions in local lesion hosts and produced a thirty fold increase in virus titer, but had no effect on virus replication in systemic hosts. The active material appears to affect the virus defense mechanism of local lesion hosts. An extract of common geranium is an active virus inhibitor. It inactivates TMV and TMV-RNA (ribonucleic acid) in vitro by forming non-infectious complexes. In vivo, it also inhibited starch lesion formation in cucumber cotyledons incited by TMV infection. 

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