Industry-wide acceptance

Specialized LIMS— This type of LIMS is based on the fact that certain laboratories have a range of well-defined processes (e.g., stability testing) that are performed according to a specific set of regulations and by using well-established tests. The tests are done according to industry-wide accepted protocols. Specialized LIMS are tailor-made for certain types of laboratories. Therefore the performance can be optimized for clearly defined work process. 

Emulsifiers for styrene-butadiene, styrene-butadine-acrylonitrile, and neoprene rubbers is the next important area of rosin use. Due to its unique properties of being surface active in aqueous solution and tacking in coagulated rubber, disproportionated rosin finds ready acceptance in this application. However, due to slow growth of SBR, which is by far the most important factor among all rubbers, the consumption of rosin here will rise only very slowly, if at all, in the future. It is significant to note that there appears to be an industry-wide acceptance of a mixed disproportionated rosin-fatty acid emulsifier, which is lower in manufacturing cost, to replace the traditional disproportionated rosin acid and soaps. 

The collapse of the Hyatt Regency walkways was the result of a flaw in the design process control. However, the post-failure investigation efforts concentrated on design procedures and not on the process. It can well be argued that no clear industry-wide accepted definition of responsibilities existed at the time the hotel was designed and built. 

A PLM solution is based on a reference model which covers all lifecycle stages and all involved disciplines to represent a digital version of a product [11]. According to the industry wide accepted Liebensteiner theses (see [12]) PLM... 

The values of "a" for Equation 7.8 are for ideal tube banks with no bypassing or leakage. For well-built tube bundles fabricated to industry-wide accepted standards for clearances (discussed in Chapter 12), the heat transfer coefficients obtained using these values of "a" are normally multiplied by a factor of 0.7 to account for unavoidable bypassing and leakage. However, more precise results can be obtained by using correction factors for the actual conditions as given below. This method assumes that ... 

At the 5,000 b/d CANMET demonstration plant in Canada, the pitch is sent to a cement kiln for use as clinker. Other slurry-phase processes include COMBIcracking (developed by Veba Oel), Aurabon (UOP), and HDH Cracking (Intevep). Although several slurry-phase demonstration plants have been built, the pitch-disposal problem has kept it from gaining industry-wide acceptance. 

Structural Components. In most appHcations stmctural foam parts are used as direct replacements for wood, metals, or soHd plastics and find wide acceptance in appHances, automobUes, furniture, materials-handling equipment, and in constmction. Use in the huil ding and constmction industry account for more than one-half of the total volume of stmctural foam appHcations. High impact polystyrene is the most widely used stmctural foam, foUowed by polypropylene, high density polyethylene, and poly(vinyl chloride). The constmction industry offers the greatest growth potential for ceUular plastics. 

Although there has been theoretical and experimental interest in the effects of ion bombardment on materials since about 1960 (153), the growth in ion implantation technology and appHcations since then is due almost solely to the semiconductor (integrated circuit) industry. The advantages of ion implantation for semiconductor doping were first pointed out in 1955 (154), but these advantages were not widely accepted until about 1970. 

A recent trend in particle analysis has been the introduction of personal computer-based automation (3). Sophisticated software packages can be used to automate and speed up the analysis. In some cases these computers can even carry out continuous process control (qv) (see Computer technology). The latest machines also allow the measurements of smaller particles and can detect a wider range of sizes. Machines based on light-scattering principles are being more widely accepted by the industry because of speed. An average analysis takes from 1—2 min, whereas those based on sedimentation principles require from 10—120 min. 

In flavor formulations, vanillin is used widely either as a sweetener or as a flavor enhancer, not only in imitation vanilla flavor, but also in butter, chocolate, and aU. types of fmit flavors, root beer, cream soda, etc. It is widely acceptable at different concentrations 50—1000 ppm is quite normal in these types of finished products. Concentrations up to 20,000 ppm, ie, one part in fifty parts of finished goods, are also used for direct consumption such as toppings and icings. Ice cream and chocolate are among the largest outlets for vanillin in the food and confectionery industries, and their consumption is many times greater than that of the perfume and fragrance industry. 

J. P. Allison, The Geon Co., personal communication, Apr. 1, 1996 generally accepted, industry-wide specifications. 

Significant advances in waterborne coatings have been made by PPG Industries utilizing epoxies as co-resins. These coatings are used in cathodic electrodeposited systems, widely accepted for automobile primers. Many patents have been issued for this important technology (50,51). 

At one time it was widely expected that EPDM rubbers would become of significance in the tyre sector. For a variety of reasons but primarily because of the high cost of the diene monomers this expectation has not been realised. On the other hand these rubbers have become widely accepted as moderately heat-resisting materials with good weathering, oxygen and ozone resistance and they find extensive use in cars, domestic and industrial equipment. 

In addition to poly(methyl methacrylate) plastics and polyacrylonitrile fibres, acrylic polymers find widespread use. First introduced in 1946, acrylic rubbers have become established as important special purpose rubbers with a useful combination of oil and heat resistance. Acrylic paints have become widely accepted particularly in the car industry whilst very interesting reactive adhesives, including the well-known super-glues are also made from acrylic polymers. 

When rotation occurs, static imbalance translates into a centrifugal force. As a result, this type of imbalance is sometimes referred to as force imbalance and some balancing machine manufacturers use the word force instead of static on their machines. However, when the term force imbalance was just starting to be accepted as the proper term, an American standardization committee on balancing terminology standardized the term static instead of force. The rationale was that the role of the standardization committee was not to determine and/or correct right or wrong practices, but to standardize those currently in use by industry. As a result, the term static imbalance is now widely accepted as the international standard and, therefore, is the term used in this chapter. 

ZeoHte catalysts and adsorbents are widely accepted in industry. Commercial adsorbents based on synthetic aluminosihcates zeolite A and X became available in 1948 [4]. Zeolite Y as FCC catalyst became commercially available in 1964 [5]. 

Implementation of SFC has initially been hampered by instrumental problems, such as back-pressure regulation, need for syringe pumps, consistent flow-rates, pressure and density gradient control, modifier gradient elution, small volume injection (nL), poor reproducibility of injection, and miniaturised detection. These difficulties, which limited sensitivity, precision or reproducibility in industrial applications, were eventually overcome. Because instrumentation for SFC is quite complex and expensive, the technique is still not widely accepted. At the present time few SFC instrument manufacturers are active. Berger and Wilson [239] have described packed SFC instrumentation equipped with FID, UV/VIS and NPD, which can also be employed for open-tubular SFC in a pressure-control mode. Column technology has been largely borrowed from GC (for the open-tubular format) or from HPLC (for the packed format). Open-tubular coated capillaries (50-100 irn i.d.), packed capillaries (100-500 p,m i.d.), and packed columns (1 -4.6 mm i.d.) have been used for SFC (Table 4.27). 

Since the widely accepted in vitro permeability model in the pharmaceutical industry is based on the use of cultured cells, such as Caco-2 or MDCK, it was appropriate to analyze the regression correlation coefficients based on the comparisons of Caco-2 log Pe and the log Pe values based on the human jejunal measurements [56]. 

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