Industries, commercialization

Until World War 1 acetone was manufactured commercially by the dry distillation of calcium acetate from lime and pyroligneous acid (wood distillate) (9). During the war processes for acetic acid from acetylene and by fermentation supplanted the pyroligneous acid (10). In turn these methods were displaced by the process developed for the bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (cornstarch and molasses) to acetone and alcohols (11). At one time Pubhcker Industries, Commercial Solvents, and National Distillers had combined biofermentation capacity of 22,700 metric tons of acetone per year. Biofermentation became noncompetitive around 1960 because of the economics of scale of the isopropyl alcohol dehydrogenation and cumene hydroperoxide processes. 

If 10% of the U.S. gasoline consumption were replaced by methanol for a twenty year period, the required reserves of natural gas to support that methanol consumption would amount to about one trillion m (36 TCF) or twice the 1990 annual consumption. Thus the United States could easily support a substantial methanol program from domestic reserves. However, the value of domestic natural gas is quite high. Almost all of the gas has access through the extensive pipeline distribution system to industrial, commercial, and domestic markets and the value of gas in these markets makes methanol produced from domestic natural gas uncompetitive with gasoline and diesel fuel, unless oil prices are very high. 

Industrial—commercial—institutional steam-generating units (Subpart Db)... 

Thiophene [110-02-1] and a number of its derivatives are significant in fine chemical industries as intermediates to many products for pharmaceutical, agrochemical, dyestuffs, and electronic appHcations. This article concentrates on the industrial, commercial, and economic aspects of the production and apphcations of thiophene and thiophene derivatives and details the main synthetic schemes to the parent ring system and simple alkyl and aryl derivatives. Functionalization of the ring and the synthesis of some functional derivatives that result, not from the parent ring system, but by direct ring cyclization reactions are also considered. Many good reviews on the chemistry of thiophene and thiophene derivatives are available (1 7). 

Freshwater is withdrawn from various sources (rivers, lakes, groundwater, etc) and used many times before its discharge to the ocean. Water uses can generally be classified as follows pubHc water supply (domestic) industrial commercial and institutional, eg, restaurants, schools agricultural and hve stock. 

Catalytic Control of FOC Emissions, A Cost Effective Viable Technologyfor Industrial, Commercial and Waste ProcessingFacilities, Manufacturers of Emission... 

Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units Incinerators Portland Cement Plants Nitric Acid Plants Sulfuric Acid Plants Asphalt Concrete Plants Petroleum Refineries... 

Benefit The use of LNB decreases the amount of NOx formation at the facility and therefore may help facilities meet state RACT or BA CT (40 CFR 52) requirements. Additionally, this technology may help facilities meet standards of performance for industrial-commercial-institutional steam generating units in 40 CFR 60, Subpart Db. A decrease in a facility s NOx emissions may decrease the possibility that a facility will meet the Nox emission threshold for an air permit under 40 CFR 70 and 71. 

Venmri scrubbers have been applied to control PM emissions from utility, industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers fired with coal, oil, wood, and liquid waste. They have also been applied to control emission sources in the chemical, mineral products, wood, pulp and paper, rock products, and asphalt manufacrnring industries lead, aluminum, iron and steel, and gray iron production industries and to municipal solid waste incinerators. Typically, venturi scrubbers are applied where it is necessary to obtain high collection efficiencies for fine PM. Thus, they are applicable to controlling emission sources with high concentrations of submicron PM. 

Modern-day designs are more sophisticated than the early, simple separators of a few decades ago that were introduced by the petroleum industry. Commercial systems are comprised of cylindrical vessels, rectangular vessels, above and underground installations. Figure 29 shows an underground system advertised by Tank Direct. 

Acrylic esters can be polymerized by a number of routes. Anionic polymerization gives the narrow standards used primarily for calibration, but is not used on an industrial/commercial scale. Free-radical polymerization is the dominant mode of polymerization for making these polymers on an industrial scale. Significant volumes of polymer are made by both solution polymerization... 

Any non-transportation-rcl itcd onshore and offshore fiicility tlmt has die potential to discharge oil into navigable waters is subject to SPCC pl ms. This includes not only facilities that produce oil, but also industrial, commercial, agricultural, and public facilities that use or store oil. An SPCC plan must have die full approval of maimgemcnt at a level with authority to commit the necessary resources. A complete SPCC plan would follow the sequence outlined below for the minimal prevention requirements. 

Technikum, n. technical Institution, technisch, a. technical industrial commercial. -chemisch, a. technochemical. Technolog, Technologe, m. technologist, technologisch, a. technological. 

Most new hardware and software development in the EMCS market now aims at utilizing the full potential of EMCSs and at making the information obtained more usable and accessible. This accessibility has created a secondary benefit with a greater potential for custonier/utility communication. In many ways the EMCS evolution and market penetration in the industrial, commercial, and to a certain extent, residential markets, has equaled that of the personal computer. 

Electric Power Generation Industrial Commercial Diesel Ships Steam Ships... 

The Inorganic Chemicals Industry Commercial Explosives , US EPA Rept EPA i00/2-74-009b... 

Brandvold, D. C. Water Treatment Industrial, Commercial and Municipal, 3rd edition. DCB Enterprises, Inc., USA, 1994. 

ZeoHte catalysts and adsorbents are widely accepted in industry. Commercial adsorbents based on synthetic aluminosihcates zeolite A and X became available in 1948 [4]. Zeolite Y as FCC catalyst became commercially available in 1964 [5]. 

Compilation software Compiles a CADDY submission. The development of the software necessary to compile a CADDY-compliant submission, in line with the format specification, is the responsibility of industry/commercial organizations... 

Activities include the areas of agriculture (except pesticides), household, food hygiene and other industrial, commercial, medical and veterinary applications. 

For 1998, US. C02 emissions were 32% from coal in electricity generation 5% from oil and gas in electricity generation 33% from oil (and a small amount of gas) in transportation and 30% from fossil fuel use in industry, commercial activities, and residences (DOE/EIA 1999b). 

Malting/fermenting aid, 72 32 Malting industry, commercial information on, 75 534... 

Figure 15.1 shows projected uses of natural gas for industrial, commercial and residential energy to 2030 (USDOE, 2007a). Current use of natural gas for industrial... 

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