Commercial/industrial applications

At the present time there do not appear to be any commercial/industrial applications of fused-ring azetines. 

However, the cost of these membranes is relatively high, which is the problem that could severely affect their massive development and commercial/industrial applications. Therefore, research is very active in its attempts to make high performance membranes, which could make up for their high fixed costs, and reduce the palladium content, with a consequent decrease of the material cost. The use of Pd-alloys not only allows a decrease of the palladium content in the membrane, but also provides some advantages in performances and/or mechanical resistances. 

Pervaporation is a relatively new process with elements in common with reverse osmosis and gas separation. In pervaporation, a liquid mixture contacts one side of a membrane, and the permeate is removed as a vapor from the other. Currendy, the only industrial application of pervaporation is the dehydration of organic solvents, in particular, the dehydration of 90—95% ethanol solutions, a difficult separation problem because an ethanol—water azeotrope forms at 95% ethanol. However, pervaporation processes are also being developed for the removal of dissolved organics from water and the separation of organic solvent mixtures. These applications are likely to become commercial after the year 2000. 

S. H. Shapiro, "Commercial Nitrogen Derivatives of Fatty Acids," in E. Pattison, ed., Patty A.cids and Their Industrial Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1968, pp. 77—154. 

The alloys of titanium utilised in industrial applications have compositional specifications tabulated by ASTM. The ASTM specification number is given in Table 14 for the commercially important alloys. MiUtary specifications are found under MIL-T-9046 and MIL-T-9047, and aerospace material specifications for bar, sheet, tubing, and wine under specification numbers 4900—4980. Every large aircraft company has its own set of alloy specifications. 

Wet-dry coohng towers incoi porating these designs are being used for large-tower industrial applications. At present they are not available for commercial applications. 

The toughness and transparency of polycarbonates has also led to a number of other industrial applications. In Great Britain one of the first established uses was for compressed air lubricator bowls. In the first five years of commercial... 

Hydrocomponents Technologies, Inc. Site describes products supplied for commercial, industrial and residential applications membrane production equipment components for manufacturers of reverse osmosis systems. http //www.hcti.com... 

Humidification and dehumidification (drying) of air are required in many commercial and industrial applications for the following reasons ... 

Space requirements for air-handling systems are briefly described in the draft European Standard prEN 13779, which, however, is targeted to commercial, public, and office buildings. These requirements also take into account the need for service and maintenance. In industrial applications the... 

LVHV applications have not developed rapidly. Initial concepts were developed for industrial applications in the 1950s and 1960s. Refinements were made and commercial products have been available from the 1970s until the present time. Unfortunately, there has not been much development of new applications. 

As far as industrial applications are concerned, the easy scale-up of two-phase catalysis can be illustrated by the first oxo aqeous biphasic commercial unit with an initial annual capacity of 100,000 tons extrapolated by a factor of 1 24,000 (batch-wise laboratory development production reactor) after a development period of 2 years [4]. 

By the end ofWorld War II the use of residual fuel oil in the United States had reached about 1.2 million barrels per day. The bulk of this use was in industri-al/commercial boilers, railroad locomotives, and steamships. Shortly thereafter, railroad use declined rapidly as diesel engines, which used distillate fuel, replaced steam locomotives. In the 19.30s and 1960s residual fuel oil use for marine and industrial applications, as well as for electric power generation, con-... 

Automatic operation may be by means of compressed air, operating a pneumatic cylinder, or electricity. Pneumatics is generally favored for industrial applications and electricity for commercial premises. Economy of installation is normally the deciding factor, since running costs are low for either system. 

Analyzers especially equipped to handle noise are required for most industrial applications. There are at least three commercially available microprocessor-based analyzers capable of acquiring data below 600 cpm. These systems use special filters and data-acquisition techniques to separate real vibration frequencies from electronic... 

Although the first industrial application of anodic protection was as recent as 1954, it is now widely used, particularly in the USA and USSR. This has been made possible by the recent development of equipment capable of the control of precise potentials at high current outputs. It has been applied to protect mild-steel vessels containing sulphuric acid as large as 49 m in diameter and 15 m high, and commercial equipment is available for use with tanks of capacities from 38 000 to 7 600000 litre . A properly designed anodic-protection system has been shown to be both effective and economically viable, but care must be taken to avoid power failure or the formation of local active-passive cells which lead to the breakdown of passivity and intense corrosion. 

We now turn to the Takasago Process for the commercial synthesis of (-)-menthol (1),4 one of the most successful industrial applications of catalytic asymmetric synthesis. This exquisite synthesis is based on the BINAP-Rh(i)-catalyzed enantioselecdve isomerization of allylic amines, and has been in operation for the commercial production of (-)-menthol since 1984. 

The first three boiler types may be variously used for commercial, institutional, or industrial applications. Fire tube boilers also may be used for steam turbine generator duty at lower electrical outputs, whereas only WT and nuclear reactor boilers are employed for utility power generation. 

Consequently, it is important to devise an amine blend that will be present in the condensate, wherever in the system it forms. Thus, it is common practice to blend two, three, or even four amines to achieve a balance of DR values and to improve corrosion protection throughout the steam-condensate system. For most general types of commercial or industrial application, a minimum blend of two amines is necessary, while three may be particularly beneficial. 

The use of direct steam injection into air is a common method of increasing humidity levels for both commercial and industrial applications. The process kills most types of bacteria and similar organisms that may contribute to fouling, health, or other indoor air quality (IAQ) problems. Where amines are present in the steam, however, even small concentrations can be detected by their odor and may be objectionable, even though they may be well under guidelines for concentrations in air. 

Boilers and other pressure vessels (PVs) and associated appurtenances and auxiliaries are comprehensively inspected on a regular basis. Inspection usually occur annually, although for many commercial and light industrial applications, a variance may be issued to permit a temporary extension of a further 6 or 12 months. 

It is an attractive resolving agent, because it is relatively inexpensive and commercially available on a ton scale for industrial applications. One of the remarkable properties of (-)-DAG, which other acidic resolving agents lack, is its water-insolubility. This feature permits the recovery of the resolving agent in a simple and efficient manner. 

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