Commercial and industrial application

Humidification and dehumidification (drying) of air are required in many commercial and industrial applications for the following reasons ... 

The use of direct steam injection into air is a common method of increasing humidity levels for both commercial and industrial applications. The process kills most types of bacteria and similar organisms that may contribute to fouling, health, or other indoor air quality (IAQ) problems. Where amines are present in the steam, however, even small concentrations can be detected by their odor and may be objectionable, even though they may be well under guidelines for concentrations in air. 

High temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have become of great interest as a potentially economical, clean and efficient means of producing electricity in a variety of commercial and industrial applications (Singhal, 1991). A SOFC is based upon the ability of oxide ions to be conducted through a solid at elevated temperatures. Oxide ion conductivity was observed in Zr02 9 mol% YjOj by Nernst as early as 1899. In 1937, Bauer... 

Fuel. Natural gas is used as a primary fuel and source of heat energy throughout the industrialized countries for a broad range of residential, commercial, and industrial applications. The methane and other hydrocarbons react readily with oxygen to release heat by forming carbon dioxide and water through a series of kinetic steps that results in the overall reaction,... 

Ink jet printing has become a major printing technology in desktop, commercial and industrial applications. The growth of ink-jet technology into these markets has been well documented [15], The reasons for this success can be attributed to the following factors ... 

Accelerated sulfur formulations are the most common vulcanisation systems used in commercial and industrial applications. Therefore, research on both the fundamental and applied aspects of accelerated sulfur vulcanisation is ongoing. Several reviews of the chemistry and/or physics of accelerated sulfur-vulcanisation of elastomers have been published [13, 14, 22, 23]. 

Both the 2000 doe analysis and a 2003 analysis by the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Research Centre in Berlin suggest that solid oxide fuel cells (sofcs) may be a better candidate for home fuel cells because they have higher electric efficiency, they do not need an expensive external reformer, and they have more usable heat.27 For home use, however, sofcs would have their own limitations. Since they operate at very high temperatures, they take a long time (several hours) to warm up, which is why they operate much better in commercial and industrial applications that require high levels of electricity continuously. 

Calcium chloride is both hygroscopic and deliquescent. Thus, solid material will absorb moisture from the air or snow and ice until it dissolves, and the solution will continue to absorb moisture until an equilibrium is reached between the vapor pressure of the solution and that of the air. At 95 percent relative humidity, one pound of anhydrous calcium chloride will absorb 17.3 lb of water. The ability of calcium chloride to absorb moisture makes it useful in many construction, commercial, and industrial applications. Table 26.13 gives the market distribution of calcium chloride.47 U.S. demand for calcium chloride in 2000 was 1.3 million tons. 

Since they operate at very high temperatures, they take several hours to warm up and are more suitable in commercial and industrial applications that require high levels of electricity continuously. 

The mission of the National Hydrogen Association (NHA) is to foster the development of hydrogen technologies and their use in commercial and industrial applications and to promote the role of hydrogen as a major energy carrier of the future. 

In addition to its role in natural processes, carbon dioxide has many commercial and industrial applications. One of the most important uses is in the carbonation of beverages. Although beers and sparkling wines contain carbon dioxide from natural sources (the fermentation of sugars by yeasts), nearly all carbonated beverages have their carbon dioxide added artificially. The carbon dioxide adds a zesty taste to the beverage and helps to preserve it. 

In addition to its use as a food additive, citric acid has a number of other commercial and industrial applications, including the following ... 

Ethyl acetate s primary use is as a solvent in a variety of commercial and industrial applications. About 65 percent... 

Hexane is extracted from petroleum. Petroleum is a complex mixture of solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons that has virtually no use itself. However, the fractional distillation of petroleum produces hundreds of individual compounds, each of which has its own important commercial and industrial applications. Fractional distillation is the process hy which petroleum is heated in tall towers. The components of petroleum hoil off at different temperatures, rise to... 

Some of the other commercial and industrial applications of iron(III) oxide include ... 

All forms of magnesium sulfate can be obtained from natural sources in a very high degree of purity, which is their primary source for commercial and industrial applications. For example, simply evaporating the water from springs like those around Epsom results in crystalline magnesium heptahydrate of sufficient purity for many uses. Water taken from salt lakes may also contain magnesium sulfate in sufficient concentration to allow its extraction by... 

Silver(I) oxide finds limited commercial and industrial application. It is used as an ingredient in the manufacture of... 

Enzymes offer an envuonmentally benign alternative to chemical catalysts in many commercial and industrial applications. Tire expansion of their use depends on the development of new protein catalysts. This will imply the construction or identification of enzymes that have been genetically altered to improve their performance under defined, application-specific conditions. Du ected evolution offers a fast and effective way of creating improved enzymes from relatively ineffective catalysts to commercially viable products by a variety of duected evolution techniques. 

Acrylonitrile end uses The primary use for acrylonitrile is in the manufacture of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) for acrylic fiber, which finds extensive uses in apparel, household furnishings, and industrial markets and applications, such as carbon fiber. Other end-use markets such as nitrile rubber, styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer and acrylonitrile-butadi-ene-styrene (ABS) terpolymers have extensive commercial and industrial applications as tough, durable synthetic rubbers and engineering plastics. Acrylonitrile is also used to manufacture adipinitrile, which is the feedstock used to make Nylon 6,6. 

For reasons of convenience and economy, laboratory-scale test-and-evaluation membranes are often relatively small in size, less than 5 cm (1 inch diameter) being quite common and in some cases as small as 0.3 cm to 0.4 cm. These test-and-evaluation membranes are almost always circular in shape and sized to fit into a permeation test cell. Membranes that are only 0.3 cm to 0.4 cm in area are sized to fit into a standard Vt inch (6.35 mm) commercial face-seal compression fitting. Although convenience figures prominently in the design of laboratory test apparatus, it is not a dominant design criterion for commercial and industrial applications where economics and durabiUty are of primary importance. 

As with any engineering exercise, when the objective is to successfully scale-up and develop a product for commercial and industrial applications, the focus must be on achieving acceptable economics. Of course, economics involves the upfront capital expenditure, as well as any ongoing maintenance costs and fuel or other utiUty costs. One of the potential advantages of dense metal membranes for hydrogen purification is that the membranes are preferably operated at signifi-... 

Table 5.11 Filament wound structures for commercial and industrial applications...

Thanks to this, vacuum panel technology is becoming a technically viable and cost effective solution to the need to reduce energy consumption in household appliances and in commercial and industrial applications. To successfully achieve this target, additional efforts are necessary to further improve the component quality and reliability (foam, film and adsorbent), to optimise panel production and to reduce costs. 

A conduit is a tube, channei or pipe in which insuiated conductors are contained. The conduit, in effect, repiaces the PVC outer sheath of a cable, providing mechanicai protection for the insuiated conductors. A conduit instaiiation can be rewired easiiy or aitered at any time, and this flexibility, coupled with mechanical protection, makes conduit installations popular for commercial and industrial applications. There are three types of conduit used in electrical installation work steel, PVC and flexible. 

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