Industrial gases properties

Additional sources are the Journal of Applied Optics and the Journal of the Optical Society of America, particularly for surface properties the Jour nal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer for gas properties the Jour -nal of Heat Tr ansfer andthe Inter national Journal of Heat and Mass Tr ansfer lor broad coverage and the Jour nal of the Institute of Ener gy for applications to industrial furnaces. 

VFO works well in gas turbines. In a nine-month test program, the combustion properties of VFO were studied in a combustion test module. A gas turbine was also operated on VFO. The tests were conducted to study the combustion characteristics of VFO, the erosive and corrosive effects of VFO, and the operation of a gas turbine on VFO. The combustion tests were conducted on a combustion test module built from a GE Frame 5 combustion can and liner. The gas turbine tests were conducted on a Ford model 707 industrial gas turbine. Both the combustion module and gas turbine were used in the erosion and corrosion evaluation. The combustion tests showed the VFO to match natural gas in flame patterns, temperature profile, and flame color. The operation of the gas turbine revealed that the gas turbine not only operated well on VFO, but its performance was improved. The turbine inlet temperature was lower at a given output with VFO than with either natural gas or diesel fuel. This phenomenon is due to the increase in exhaust mass flow provided by the addition of steam in the diesel for the vaporization process. Following the tests, a thorough inspection was made of materials in the combustion module and on the gas turbine, which came into contact with the vaporized fuel or with the combustion gas. The inspection revealed no harmful effects on any of the components due to the use of VFO. 

There are a number of industrial gas separation systems that use the selective permeability of plastics to separate the constituents. In design problems relating to such applications, the designer must consider the environmental conditions to determine whether the materials having the desired properties will withstand the temperatures and physical and chemical stresses of the application. Frequently the application will call for elevated temperatures and pressures. In the case of uranium separation, the extreme corrosivity of the fluorine compounds precluded the use of any material but PTFE. The PTFE... 

In the pharmaceutical industry, GA is used in pharmaceutical preparations and as a carrier of drugs since it is considered a physiologically harmless substance. Additionally, recent studies have highlighted GA antioxidant properties (Trommer Neubert, 2005 Ali Al Moundhri, 2006 Hinson et al., 2004), its role in the metabolism of lipids (Tiss et al., 2001, Evans et al., 1992), its positive results when being used in treatments for several degenerative diseases such as kidney failure (Matsumoto et al., 2006 Bliss et al., 1996 Ali et al., 2008), cardiovascular (Glover et al., 2009) and gastrointestinal (Wapnir et al., 2008 Rehman et al, 2003). 

Ceramic materials that retain structural integrity to temperatures in the 2100 to 2400°F range have been the subject of research and development for many years. Researchers have in fact created small radial inflow turbines from structural ceramic material for possible use in automotive gas turbines. These experimental units have shown favorable properties in laboratory tests. However, several practical considerations pose potential stumbling blocks to their use in commercial systems, such as coefficients of expansion that are substantially different from those of the metals used in gas turbine construction. One may expect to find ceramic materials in use in industrial gas turbines in the future, first on... 

When the best catalyst has been chosen and found to fulfil the requirements with respect to activity, strength, pressure drop, production and profitability, a procedure must be developed for calculation of the catalyst volume required to obtain a given SO2 conversion in an industrial reactor. In its simplest form, the calculation basis can be a table or an expression for space velocity (NHSV) as a function of feed gas properties and final conversion. A more detailed approach is used for design of catalytic reactors at Haldor Topsoe, where a rate expression of the form... 

Hydrogen is certainly a clean and abundant energy but in the same time its large-scale use still suffers from a psychological handicap linked to safety aspects given some of its properties,16 17 18 particularly its inflammability and the high risk of detonation (subsonic or supersonic). This is clearly indicated in Table 5 where some of the properties are compared with another industrial gas, the propane. 

Successful separation of alkanes and alkenes has been documented when microporous membranes have been used [79,138]. The physiochemical properties, size, and shape of the molecules will play an important role for the separation, hence critical temperatures and gas molecule configurations should be carefully evaluated for the gases in mixture. On the basis of gas properties and process conditions, the separation may be performed according to selective surface flow or molecular sieving (refer to Section 4.2 on transport). The transport may also be enhanced by having a Ag compound in the membrane. The Ag ion will form a reversible complex with the alkene, and facilitated transport results. Selectivities in the range of 200-300 have been reported for separation of ethene-ethane and propene-propane [138]. Successful separation of alkanes and alkenes will be important for the petrochemical industry. Today the surplus hydrocarbons in the purge gas are usually flared. Membranes which should be suitable for this application are the carbon molecular sieves (see Section 4.3.2) and nanostructured materials (Section 4.3.3). 

While Fig. 6.6a-c indicates the potential process conditions where ILs might find applicability as physical solvents for H S removal, these ranges represent only a fraction of the conditions that must be addressed by industrial gas treating processes [1-4]. In view of the unique physical and thermodynamic properties of ILs and the... 

The gas properties have no effect on liquid holdup at low pressure and low gas rates, when the liquid flow is affected only by gravity forces. At high gas velocity the holdup decreases because of shear at the gas-liquid interface. Several correlations have been proposed to account for the effects of liquid and gas properties on holdup, but these correlations are complex and quite different in form [20], which makes comparisons difficult. Furthermore, most of the data are from studies at ambient conditions using water or low-molecular-weight solvents. More data are needed from reactors operating at industrial conditions. 

The equation of state data in the recommendations is given in terms of second virial coefficients for the pure substances, Bi(T), and their interaction coefficients with methane, Bjj(T). (Because of the low pressmes used in the industry, the simple equation PV/RT=1+ B(T)/V is sufficiently accurate). There are very few hydrocarbons for which there are measmed virial coefficient data in the temperature range of interest, and appreciable extrapolations are needed. Also some of the virial coefficients are based on indirect methods, and may be of marginal reliability. To overcome these problems, a correlation developed by K.R.Hall for virial coefficients for all of the hydrocarbon data has been used. It is valid for the range 0 to 25 °C and is based on a reduced equation of state. A computer program in GPA 2172-1985 [13], uses this correlation to calculate real gas properties. 

Various waste and exhaust gas cleaning techniques are used in the foundry industry. Their principles are discussed in the BREF document for non-ferrous metal industries. The properties and emission levels of dust abatement systems are given in Table 3.32. A full discussion on the selection of the abatement technique, its applicability in the various foundry processes and the achievable emission levels is given as part of the techniques to be considered in the selection of BAT in Section 4.5. 

Such alloys - superalloys - have been developed. The largest applications of superalloys are in aircraft and industrial gas turbines, rocket engines, space vehicles, submarines, nuclear reactors, and landing apparatus. The nickel-based alloys possess many attractive properties for structural appUcations, such as high-temperature creep and excellent oxidation resistance. The superalloys are used in a temperature interval approximately from 1023 to 1273 K. 

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