Industrial Chemistry of Colloidal

L2. Lewis, W. K., Squires, L., and Broughton, G., Industrial Chemistry of Colloidal and Amorphous Materials. Macmillan, New York, 1942. 

There are also colloidal "sols in which dispersed and dispersion mediums are solids (Eg alloys, plastics, glass, some minerals, etc) Refs 1)J. Alexander, "Colloid Chemistry, Theoretical and Applied , 6 volumes, Van Nostrand, NY (1926-1946) 2)W.K.Lewis, L.Squires G.Broughton, "Industrial Chemistry of Colloidal and Amorphous Materials , Macmillan, NY (1943) 3)H.B.Weiser, "Colloid Chemistry , A Textbook, Wiley, NY (1949) 4)A.E. Alexander St P.John-... 

G.Broughton, "Industrial Chemistry of Colloidal and Amorphous Materials , Macmillan, NY (1943) 3)H.B.Weiset, "Colloid Chemistry , A Textbook, Wiley, NY (1949) 4)A,E.Alexander P.John-... 

Lewis, Squires, and Broughton, Industrial Chemistry of Colloidal and Amorphous Materials, ... 

In addition to some one hundred papers in broadly diverse areas of chemical engineering, he was coauthor of Industrial Stoichiometry in 1926 and Industrial Chemistry of Colloidal and Amorphous Materials in... 

It was Bancroft s opinion that to justify its existence, the division must produce results which could not be obtained otherwise, and that the best way to accomplish this was to select projects on the "borderlands" between chemistry and one or more of the other sciences (45). In accordance with this policy the majority of committees organized in the 1920s concerned these borderlands. One of the first to be formed was the committee on the chemistry of colloids, and in 1921 Bancroft published a list of 200 research projects in colloid chemistry for which volunteers were sought by the National Research Council (46). This committee published numerous monographs and arranged symposia on colloid chemistry, and was therefore influential in the establishment of an area of research within physical chemistry with large industrial importance. 

In this chapter, the very widespread industrial application of colloid chemistry will be described. Surprisingly enough, mankind has been aware of colloids for many thousands of years. The old Egyptian and Mayan civilizations, without cement, used their knowledge about adhesion (between blocks of stones) when building pyramids. 

Ralph K. Iler devoted MOST OF his career to exploratory and industrial research in the chemistry of colloidal materials. He is recognized worldwide for his unique contributions to a unified understanding of the colloidal chemistry of silica and silicates. His book The Chemistry of Silica, published in 1979, is the definitive book on silica chemistry and remains a primary source of reference in the field. 

The surface chemistry of silica was a subject of intensive study in the period between 1960 and 1970 as a consequence of the widespread industrial use of colloidal, pyrogenic, and precipitated silicas, as well as silica hydrogels and xerogels. Chemical surface reactions and IR spectroscopy were the most-applied methods in surface structure elucidation. Significant contributions to the understanding of the silica surface were made by Fripiat (I), Kiselev and co-workers (2), Hair (3), Little (4), Peri... 

This section provides brief explanations for the most important terms that may be encountered in a study of the fundamental principles, experimental investigations and industrial applications of colloid science and silica chemistry. 

Dr. Zelenev s professional interests include industrial applications of colloid and surface science, pulp and paper, oil and gas production, coagulation and flocculation, lyophobic and lyophilic colloidal systems, surfactant phase behavior, interaction of surfactants with surfaces, microencapsulation, particle deposition and aggregation, particle and surfactant transport in porous media, wetting and spreading, development of novel experimental methods for studying colloidal systems, and physical-chemical mechanics. Dr. Zelenev is an inventor on four issued U.S. patents and five pending patent applications, coauthor of 22 scientific publications, and coauthor of the textbook Colloid and Surface Chemistry (Elsevier, 2001). 

M = Al, Ga, In, Tl). The solution chemistry of Al in particular has been extensively investigated because of its industrial importance in water treatment plants, its use in many toiletry formulations, its possible implication in both Altzheimer s disease and the deleterious effects of acid rain, and the ubiquity of Al cooking utensils.For example, hydrated aluminium sulphate (10-30 gm ) can be added to turbid water supplies at pH 6.5-7.5 to flocculate the colloids, some 3 million tonnes per annum being used worldwide for this application alone. Likewise kilotonne amounts of A1(OH)2.5C1o.5 in concentrated (6m) aqueous solution are used in the manufacture of deodorants and antiperspirants. 

Classical surface and colloid chemistry generally treats systems experimentally in a statistical fashion, with phenomenological theories that are applicable only to building simplified microstructural models. In recent years scientists have learned not only to observe individual atoms or molecules but also to manipulate them with subangstrom precision. The characterization of surfaces and interfaces on nanoscopic and mesoscopic length scales is important both for a basic understanding of colloidal phenomena and for the creation and mastery of a multitude of industrial applications. 

Permissions granted by the following journals and publishers are gratefully acknowledged Academic Press, Inc., Annual Reviews, Inc., Canadian Journal of Research, Chemische Berichte, Die Makromoleku-lare Chemie, India Rubber World, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Interscience Publishers, Inc., Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal of Applied Physics, Journal of Chemical Physics, Journal of the Chemical Society (London), Journal of Colloid Science, Journal of Polymer Science, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Transactions of the Faraday Society, Williams and Wilkins Company, and Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie. 

Unlike most of the industrial preparation methods, colloidal oxide synthesis does not make use of the chemistry between metallic ions in solution and the surface sites of the oxide carrier (hydroxyl or Lewis acid sites). Indeed, the strategy disconnects the steps corresponding to the formation of particles, synthesized previously in solution, and to the subsequent deposition and activation on the oxide carrier. 

We want to acknowledge the American Chemical Society (ACS) Secretariat of Surface Science and Catalysis (C ATL), the principal sponsor of the symposium on Nanotechnology in Catalysis. Thanks also extend to ACS Divisions of Colloid, Petroleum, and Industrial Engineering Chemistry for cosponsoring the symposium. Financial... 

Mineral segregation in industry relies heavily on the selective adsorption of macromolecules onto the surfaces of those minerals that have particular industrial applications. This selectivity is governed mainly by the surface chemistry of the mineral and the type of polymer used as a flocculant. " Effectiveness of flocculation depends upon the charge, concentration and molecular weight of the polymer, and also the pH and salt concentration of the clay suspension. The bonding between the anionic flocculant polyacrylamide (PAM) and clay mineral surfaces has been effectively reviewed recently by Hocking et al and the reader is referred to this should they require an in-depth literature review. For more information on general colloidal chemistry of clay suspensions the reader is referred to the review of Luckham and Rossi." ... 

The properties of colloidal dispersions are intimately linked to the high surface area of the dispersed phase and the chemistry of these interfaces. This linkage is well illustrated by the titles of two of the main journals in this area the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science and Colloids and Surfaces. The natural combination of colloid and surface chemistry represents a major area of both research activity and industrial development. It has been estimated that something like 20 per cent of all chemists in industry work in this area. 

What we have covered in this chapter barely scratches the surface of a vast area of applications of colloidal phenomena in chemical and materials processing industries and in environmental and other operations. There are many fundamental, as well as practical, problems in the above topics (especially ones involving polymers, polyelectrolytes, and polymer-colloid and polymer-surfactant mixtures) that are currently areas of active research in engineering, chemistry, physics, and biology. Some of the references cited at the end of this chapter contain good reviews of topics that are extensions of what we have covered in this chapter (see, e.g., Elimelech et al. 1995, Hirtzel and Rajagopalan 1985, Israelachvili 1991, Gregory 1989, and O Melia 1990). 

Hng, T.F. Lee, H.K. Shah, D.O. in Industrial Applications of Surfactants, Karsa, D.R. (Ed.), Royal Society of Chemistry London, 1987. Prince, L.M. (Ed.) Microemulsions Theory and Practice, Academic Press New York, 1977. Tadros, Th.F. Surface Chemistry in Agriculture in Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Holmberg, K. (Ed.), Vol. 1, Wiley New York, 2001, pp. 73-83. 

Colloid science books available up to now have been either principally theoretical (such as the classic and standard colloid chemistry texts), or they focus on specific types of colloidal dispersion (like van Olphen s classic book on clay colloid chemistry [1]), or on applications of a specific type of dispersion in a specific industry, like the author s petroleum industry series ... 

The long-standing experience of industry in catalyst manufacture, the progress of scientific understanding of the processes involved and the development of the corresponding basic sciences (chemistry of solids, colloid chemistry, etc.) mean that catalyst preparation... 

A great part of the success of the symposium on zeolite synthesis can be attributed to the generous contributions from several industrial sponsors and to the support of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and of the International Zeolite Association. A special acknowledgment is made to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support provided during the early stages of this project... 

Previous books in this area typically focus on selected aspects of the subject, such as the properties of the solid phase, or the interactions of selected substances with soil/rock. This book comprehensively treats the soil-liquid-interface system. Drawn chiefly from the authors years of research at the Isotope Laboratory in the Department of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry at the University of Debrecen in Hungary, this book discusses chemical reactions on the surfaces/interfaces of soils and rocks examines the role of these processes in environmental, colloid and geochemistry and explores the effects on agricultural, environmental and industrial applications. 

Review of the Chemistry of Water-soluble Gums, Sir Edmund Hirst, in Monograph No. 24 ("The Chemistry and Rheology of Water-soluble Gums and Colloids ), The Society of Chemical Industry, London, 1966, p. 3,... 

---