Industrial capabilities

FDA resources are expended in areas based not on their absolute importance but on the lack of industry capability to control a particular concern. When manufacturing processes were primitive, unclean, and uncontrolled, the FDA issued the Good Manufacturing Practices and eventually the Good Laboratory Practices, Good Clinical Practices, and Good Tissue Practices. Together these Practices provide standards for the industry operations. 

Although cesium has many of the properties and characteristics of the other alkali metals, because of the large size of its atoms, cesium metal is much more reactive and dangerous to handle. Special precautions need to be taken to keep it away from air, water, and organic substances with which it can vigorously react. Its use should be restricted to laboratories and industries capable of using it safely. 

Canada also reports industry capabilities in the production of 5-20 kW SOFCs. Residential and commercial applications are being demonstrated in Europe, the US and in cold weather climates including Alaska. Canada s research efforts are focused on developing "noval-nano" based materials and noval architecture to enable lower temperature, direct fuel, SOFC operation. 

In 1988 the speaker of the Iranian parliament, Hashemi Rafsanjani, described chemical weapons as the poor man s atomic bomb. 2 This phrase is as accurate as it is alarming. While many would argue that nuclear weapons represent the zenith of mass destruction, their construction requires advanced industrial capabilities as well as access to rare, tightly controlled materials. Chemical weapons, on the other hand, are comparatively cheap and easy to build using equipment and chemicals that are used extensively for a host of civilian purposes. With... 

Obviously, no one material meets all the requirements, although titanium and vanadium alloys have many desirable characteristics. A comparison of the data given in Table 4 with the priority list of Table 3 reveals, however, that stainless steel remains the primary choice for the near term experimental fusion reactors because of the existing industrial capability and a large data base. 

The numerical model described above has a significant present ability to simulate a wide range of problems in polymer processing. At the same time, it is small enough to permit easy implementation in even rather small processing facilities, and for quick familiarization by process designers. We feel such a capability would lead to a significant advance in industry capability for process development and optimization. 

At present the most reliable applications for biomass gasification are co-firing and direct firing of the fuel gas in a boiler for heat or steam cycle. These applications present the least technical risks as the problem of tar is avoided and therefore the main task of the industry is to increase their market penetration. It is important that more plants will be built and operated in existing markets in order to increase the degree of confidence for the users and especially the utilities as well as to improve the industrial capabilities with various problematic but cheap fuels. 

In addition to the practical problems the students solve or attempt to solve, many extensions of the problems are brought back to the classroom and to the institute research laboratories for subsequent discussion. A large number of faculty members have become acquainted with industrial practices, and this has had a marked effect on the quality of teaching and on the students enthusiasm for their courses. Industrial staffs have reported a positive contribution to their work by the students and faculty. Employers visiting campuses find that students who have completed the practice school program are much better prepared than students who have not. Other educational institutions are now beginning similar programs, and it is hoped that the overall procedure will have a measurably beneficial effect on the industrial capability of India. 

For the chemical industry, the key events and eras following the industry s launch in the 1880s during the Second Industrial Revolution began with the impact of World War I, during which the United States ceased importing German products and developed domestic industrial capabilities and... 

The Tenth Thing to Remember. The development of major CW and BW offensive potential is within the capability of relatively small and weak countries. A small group of scientists, with stolen formulas and stolen bacteria and virus cultures, can produce in a country with as little financial and industrial capability as Cuba major quantities of CW and BW agents and weapons for their delivery. Rumors are already circulating about groups which are secretly offering to do this. 

In a changing world, where the traditional East-West conflict has subsided in the face of steadily increased chemical agent proliferation among many Third World nations, the chemical threat appears to be increasing from smaller nations or political splinter groups with little or no sophisticated chemical warfare industrial capability. Hence we must be prepared for chemical agent attack from terrorist elements, and for crude delivery systems... 

The successful operation of 500 MWe thermal power plants in India has enabled to fix PFBR reactor power as 500 MWe. Large sized FBR have not indicated any technologic d problems because of reactor size. Specific capital cost is lower for 500 MWe than for a lower power, say 250 MWe. The design and development efforts needed for 500 MWe and 250 MWe plants are comparable. Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) of 500 MWe are under construction in India. Constructability of 500 MWe PFBR components has been assessed and adequate industrial capability exists within the country. 

After approval of the design it needs to be implemented. Procurement of fabric (production) needs to take place. An industry capable of supporting the manufacture of the uniforms is also very important. Dyes with special properties are used during the printing process, and industry needs to be able to produce prints with the specified properties, to the required standards. Logistical supply of the quantities and sizes issued to the warehouses/stores needs to be considered as well. 

Statistics technical working group and stability working group PhRMA (1998) Survey of pharmaceutical industry capability of meeting European expectations of 95,0% to 105,0% assay limits at release and expiry. Pharmacop Forum 24(3) 6366-6378... 

It is essential to have organizational entities which are able to perform electrical capacity and electrical transmission and distribution system planning, consistent with various national requirements and objectives. The functions of these organizations include electrical system expansion planning, and manpower and industrial capability assessments. 

The aim of the industrial cooperation is the introducton of technology on a commercial and industrial scale, for which a market must exist. The scope of industrial cooperation extends from the analysis of national supply potential, through support in the expansion of the national industrial capabilities for supply, to the founding of new companies which might be joint ventures. 

The chairman used the first version of his text as the basis for consultation with a broad cross-section of Member States. He made every effort to benefit from a broad spectrum of viewpoints. He consulted with countries that had large nuclear power programs as well as with countries that as a matter of policy do not have nuclear power plants. He consulted with countries that are the industrial leaders as well as with those that are developing their industrial capability. On a geographic basis he consulted with countries from five of the six continents. A total of fifteen countries were consulted individually or in small groups. 

The advent of the recycling of post consumer materials notably used packaging has necessitated the creation of a new industry capable of dealing with mixed streams of products which are contaminated with non plastic residues. 

The recuperator effectiveness is a measure of the actual heat transferred to the maximum possible from the hot side to the cold side of the recuperator. A reasonably achievable effectiveness is 95%, and 95% recuperators are within the existing industrial capabilities for manufacturing. 

The features of the local production of medicines are shaped by the characteristics of the Kenyan economic and industrial systems, which in turn are the product of its economic history. To analyse this shaping, this chapter briefly presents and then applies an evolutionary economic understanding of industrial capabilities, focusing particularly on technological capabilities at the firm and industrial system level, their sources and evolution. This framework of industrial analysis is also used in a number of subsequent chapters in this book. It is particularly illuminating for the analysis of the development of an industry, pharmaceuticals, that is technologically demanding relative to the industrial and economic context in a low-income country such as Kenya. 

Although according to the business plan the factory would require 88 full-time staff to manufacture at full capacity (24 for direct production, 4 for quality-control-related services, and 18 for management and administration), at the time of writing only 55 had been recruited, and a team of 8 Brazilian technical assistants based in Maputo were still providing key management and technical expertise for the factory s operations. Given the limited development of industrial capabilities in Mozambique,... 

Such initiatives have led to successful actions, such as improved access to treatment for HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and a series of other diseases prevalent in the country, either through direct SUS provision or mediated through the PFPB in the form of free or low-cost distribution through the country s network of pharmacies. These initiatives in turn have contributed to the development of a domestic generic medicine industry capable of producing technologies to meet public and private health demands at competitive prices, as well as developing production capacity in more innovative areas, such as biopharmaceuticals. 

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